<p>The Camelback Bridge is a restored historic wooden bridge that arches over the Constitution Trail in Normal, Illinois. It is on the USA National Register of Historic Places. The bridge&#39;s main span is a wooden kingpost pony truss. The bridge is supported by Phoenix columns, a type of wrought iron column that was patented by the Phoenix Iron Company in 1862. It is one of only two bridges in Illinois using the columns.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was built by the Illinois Central Railroad around the 1880s to allow traffic on Virginia Avenue to pass over its railroad line. The Phoenix columns were likely salvaged from another Illinois Central bridge which crossed the Illinois River at LaSalle. When the railroad stopped using the tracks, the original form was no longer needed, and during the rehabilitation, the bridge was rebuilt to a lower height to allow easier access to vehicles.</p><br>
<p>Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church is a historic church built in 1901 by a German Lutheran congregation southwest of the Walker&#39;s Point neighborhood of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church was founded in 1884 by thirteen families who were peacefully released from St. Peter&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church. Services were initially conducted in a private residence. Later in 1884, Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church erected a wooden building east of the present church. This structure housed both church and school until 1901 and the school until the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The church was designed by architect Frederick Velguth in the German Gothic Revival style and built in 1901. Akin to Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church across the Menomonee River, it features a landmark spire and sandstone details on the façade. Construction of the church started early in 1901 and was almost complete for the December 1, 1901 dedication, although the heating system was not finished and the trumpets froze in the cold church.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, the church called the Rev. Heinrich Bergmann, then 25, as pastor. He served until his death in 1923. Bergmann&#39;s son, the Rev. Paul Bergmann, then served until his death in 1941.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the large, red-brick church is a century of art. Pews from the 1884 church are in the balcony. The 1901 pews are on the main floor, next to the large stained-glass windows from the same era. The altar, pulpit, lectern and a false door, as well as the roof and the cross atop the steeple are from the late 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling of the church, which contains gold leafing, is from 1984, as are the crosses painted on the walls behind the altar and many of the light fixtures.</p><br>
<p>One unique feature of the church is the basement windows, cut in the west wall at an angle to maximize afternoon sun.</p><br>
<p>The congregation conducted its final worship service on November 24, 2024, with the Rev. Joel Jaeger, a retired pastor of Christ, as guest pastor.</p><br>
<p>Spring Hill is a ridge in the central part of the city of Somerville, Massachusetts, United States, and the residential neighborhood that sits atop it. It runs northwest to southeast, roughly bounded by Highland Avenue, Somerville Avenue, Elm Street, and Willow Avenue. Summer Street runs along the hill&#39;s crest.</p><br>
<p>Spring Hill is a drumlin, one of many such hills in the Boston area composed of material deposited as glaciers of the Pleistocene epoch receded.</p><br>
<p>Historically agricultural in character, Spring Hill was sparsely developed until the mid-19th century. Present-day Central, Lowell, and Cedar Streets trace their origins to the mid-17th century, but few other roads broke the open space. Most development took place in the neighborhood between the 1840s and early 1900s. Spring Hill has a fine selection of Greek Revival houses and Victorians including Second Empires, Italianates, Gothic Revivals and Queen Annes. Large houses were built in the neighborhood as well as smaller workers&#39; houses and attached houses. In the early 1900s, triple-deckers filled in the remaining land.</p><br>
<p>Part of the Spring Hill neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The Spring Hill Historic District stretches from Summer, Central, Atherton and Spring Streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Spring Hill was first developed in 1843 by George O. Brastow, an influential businessman who later became the first mayor of Somerville. He lotted one of Somervilles first residential subdivisions on the hills south side between Central and Belmont Streets. Several original houses from this development remain on Atherton Street and off Harvard Street. The well-known Boston surveyor Alexander Wadsworth helped Brastow successfully lay out this subdivision to attract substantial homes on country estates for privileged suburbanites that held proprietary and managerial jobs. Its desirability was reinforced by expansive views of Cambridge and Boston, as well as easy access to Boston via the Fitchburg Railroad. Brastow&#39;s subdivision is the centerpiece of the Spring Hill Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, a water standpipe (tower) was erected on the hill between Belmont and Lowell Streets (present-day Bailey Park), making municipal drinking water available to Somerville residents at higher elevations, and so facilitated additional housing development in the city&#39;s more elevated areas.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 19th century, the street grid had reached its present form, and the neighborhood filled with predominantly multi-family homes. Growth was fueled by the extension of streetcar lines from Lechmere Square and industrialization along Somerville Avenue and the Fitchburg Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Spring Hill is home to Somerville Hospital, opened in 1891 on Highland Avenue, the Round House, located on Atherton Street, and the Somerville Museum, located on Central Street.</p><br>
<p>At one time this neighborhood was home to both journalist Howie Carr and Winter Hill Gang leader Howie Winter. They lived one street apart, on Madison Street and Montrose Street, respectively. This was revealed in Carr&#39;s book about Irish mobster James "Whitey" Bulger, "The Brothers Bulger."</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and landmarks</h2><br>
<p>There are several structures in Spring Hill that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Spring Hill developed as a primarily residential neighborhood and most of its structures reflect that:</p><br>
<p>The Enoch Robinson Round House is a cylindrical, wood-frame residential building on Atherton Street. It was built in 1856 by hardware manufacturer Enoch Robinson, and is considered an offshoot of the octagon house-style popularized by phrenologist Orson Fowler. It has been vacant and deteriorating for many years, but is under new ownership and slowly being restored.</p><br>
<p>The Martin W. Carr School, built in 1898, was originally an elementary school. The building has been converted to condominiums.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Foster House, an Italianate-style house on Laurel Street built in 1860</p><br>
<p>The House at 16-18 Preston Road, a Colonial Revival triple-decker built in 1910</p><br>
<p>The Joseph K. James House, a Colonial Revival house built in 1893</p><br>
<p>The Lemuel Snow Jr. House, a Queen Anne style house built in 1890</p><br>
<p>Fort MacArthur is a former United States Army installation in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California . A small section remains in military use by the United States Air Force as a housing and administrative annex of Los Angeles Air Force Base. The fort is named after Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur. His son, Douglas MacArthur, would later command American forces in the Pacific during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1888, President Grover Cleveland designated an area overlooking San Pedro Bay as an unnamed military reservation intended to improve the defenses of the expanding Los Angeles harbor area. Additional land was purchased in 1897 and 1910, and Fort MacArthur was formally created on October 31, 1914. The fort was a training center during World War I, and the first large gun batteries for harbor defense were installed in 1917. The effectiveness of these fixed gun emplacements was debated for many years, and test firings were extremely unpopular with nearby residents, the concussion shattering windows in buildings and houses for miles around.</p><br>
<p>In World War II, Fort MacArthur had a Harbor Entrance Command Post and a Harbor Defense Command Post for US seacoast defense of shipbuilding factories (e.g., CalShip, Todd Pacific), "giant aircraft factories" (Douglas, Hughes, Martin, Northrop), the Huntington Beach Oil Field, and the San Pedro Bay harbor (Port of Los Angeles & Port of Long Beach) which made the Los Angeles metropolitan area a target for attack.</p><br>
<p>By the end of World War II the large guns were already being removed, with the last decommissioned in 1948. Battery Osgood-Farley is probably the best preserved example of a United States coastal defense gun emplacement, and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. A second site, Battery John Barlow and Saxton, was added to the Register in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Air defense</h2><br>
<p>During the early years of the Cold War, Fort MacArthur became a key part of the West Coast&#39;s anti-aircraft defenses, becoming the home base of the 47th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade. A Nike surface-to-air missile battery was activated at the fort in 1954, remaining in service until the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Fort MacArthur Direction Center (DC) was the USA Army Air Defense Command Post (AADCP) for the Project Nike batteries of the Los Angeles Defense Area. It was located at Fort MacArthur from 1960.</p><br>
<h3>Purpose</h3><br>
<p>The Direction Center provided radar coverage for integrating the area&#39;s Integrated Fire Control (IFC) sites (16 sites for MIM-14 Nike-Hercules missiles until 1968). The DC had High Frequency Crosstell communication with the 1959–1966 Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Master Direction Center at Norton Air Force Base (DC-17) for coordinating Army intercepts of targets penetrating through the larger USAF Los Angeles Air Defense Sector defended by fighter aircraft.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>During the Korean War, the fort&#39;s L-43 Lashup Radar Network site provided radar surveillance for the area from 1950 to 1952. The 669th Radar Squadron was assigned to the fort on January 1, 1951. On February 16, 1960, Lt Col James L McCallister was the Missile Director for the defense area.</p><br>
<p>The Fort MacArthur Direction Center (DC) began in 1960 with an AN/FSG-1 computer that was the last of 10 installed and which replaced an Interim Battery Data Link (IBDL). The Army dedicated the DC&#39;s Missile Master bunker with an Antiaircraft Operations Center ("Blue Room") on December 14, 1960, prior to the USAF/FAA ARSR-1C radar opening in 1961 at San Pedro Hill Air Force Station.</p><br>
<p>Fort MacArthur&#39;s 47th Artillery Brigade operated the DC, and the vacuum tube AN/FSG-1 was replaced on January 31, 1967, with a solid-state Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination System.</p><br>
<p>On November 15, 1968, the 19th Artillery Group (Air Defense) replaced the 47th Artillery Brigade in command of the DC and its batteries. The 19th Group deactivated July 1, 1974, after Project Concise ended Nike operations. The tennis courts next to the bunker remain at the former site of the AADCP&#39;s building 554, and the Missile Master nuclear bunker (building 550) was razed.</p><br>
<h2>Rundown of the fort</h2><br>
<p>In 1975 Fort MacArthur became a sub-post of Fort Ord, and the Army transferred ownership of the forts Upper and Lower Reservations to the City of Los Angeles two years later. The Lower Reservation was cleared off and dredged and is now the citys Cabrillo Marina.</p><br>
<p>Fort MacArthur&#39;s remaining Middle Reservation was transferred to the United States Air Force in 1982 for use by Los Angeles Air Force Base for administration and housing.</p><br>
<h2>Angels Gate Park</h2><br>
<p>The Upper Reservation is now a city park: San Pedro&#39;s Angels Gate Park, home of the Korean Bell of Friendship.</p><br>
<p>A gun battery emplacement, just west of Battery 241 (beneath the Korean Bell of Friendship, seen in upper left), at Fort MacArthur military base in San Pedro, CA.</p><br>
<p>Hostelling International USA (part of Hostelling International) maintained a 57-bed youth hostel in the refurbished military barracks of the reservation.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Fort MacArthur Military Museum, located at the site of Battery Osgood-Farley, displays exhibits on the history of Fort MacArthur, its role in defending the Los Angeles area, Indo-Pacific Theater military campaigns, and the role of Los Angeles as a military port.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of Los Angeles and Fort MacArthur Museum are featured in California&#39;s Gold episode 6005 with Huell Howser.</p><br>
<p>It can be been seen in such television series as The A-Team and 24, and in films including Dragnet, Midway and Tora! Tora! Tora!.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, Madonna filmed some portions of her "Like a Prayer" video there.</p><br>
<p>It is referenced in the 2001 movie Swordfish.</p><br>
<p>NCIS: Origins is filmed on a 1990s era recreated set of Camp Pendleton, built at Fort MacArthur.</p><br>
<p>Green Springs National Historic Landmark District is a national historic district in Louisa County, Virginia noted for its concentration of fine rural manor houses and related buildings in an intact agricultural landscape. Admitted to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, it became the first rural National Landmark Historic district. Named for one of the historic manor houses , the district comprises 14,000 acre of fertile land, contrasting with the more typical poor soil and scrub pinelands surrounding it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The district is located 1.5 miles (2 km) north of Interstate 64 from exit No. 136, "Zion Crossroads." The district is roughly bounded by USA Route 15 and Virginia Routes 22 and 613. The area is named for a natural spring noted by Thomas Jefferson as possessing "some medicinal virtue." The district features a mixture of wooded and farmed lands. About 600 million years ago, when most of what became the eastern United States (including Virginia) was covered by a shallow sea, volcanic activity left a basin-like topographic feature which contains the only mineral deposit of consequence in the area, vermiculite. That volcanic feature led to a heavy clay soil that retains plant nutrients and moisture, creating an open landscape suitable for farming. The area is noted for its park-like views, particularly from USA Route 15.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The district was preserved following attempts in the early 1970s by then Governor Linwood Holton, a Republican, and the Commonwealth of Virginias Department of Welfare and Institutions, to build a diagnostic and detention center on 200 acres owned by Richard Purcell, brother of longtime politician turned Circuit Judge Harold Purcell. While early plans suggested that payroll alone at the site would add $2 million annually to the local economy, opponents circulated drawings showing that the cellblocks surrounded by a 30 foot security fence and guarded by a 60-foot control tower would become an environmental eyesore, quite unlike the historic Rotunda at the University of Virginia a half hours drive away and shown dwarfed in the corner as a scale model. Opponents, who ultimately incorporated as Historic Green Springs Inc., noted the district had many historic homes which represented nearly a century and a half of architectural development, as well as vistas showing land "enhanced rather than despoiled" by human presence. They ultimately used litigation citing the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, together with favorable reports from the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and an unfavorable report from the National Clearinghouse for Criminal Justice Planning and Architecture at the University of Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Initially, Governor Holton planned to use revenue-sharing funds promoted by fellow Republicans in the Nixon Administration, specifically newly available federal block grants distributed through the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, as authorized under the Safe Streets Act. However, after an unfavorable legal decision by the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals written by Judge Simon E. Sobeloff, which overruled Judge Merhiges pro-development ruling, Holton changed plans. Now Virginia would forego the million dollar grant and self-fund the centers construction, despite cost estimates having doubled in the interim.</p><br>
<p>Initially, only one building in Green Springs, Boswells Tavern (built circa 1735 and four miles from the proposed prison site) had been listed on the National Register for Historic Places, but by the end of 1970, two more were listed, and by July 1973 there were 34 listed properties. When in October 1972 Governor Holton suggested obtaining sufficient conservation easements (permitted by the Virginia Open-Space Land Act of 1966) by next March could change his mind about constructing the prison at Green Springs, more than 7000 acres were placed under easement by that spring, compared to less than a thousand acres in Virginia as a whole since the acts inception. In February 1973, the VHLC recommended designating Green Springs a historic district, despite its rural location and more than 10,000 acre scope, and forwarded its recommendation to both Governor Holton and to the federal keeper of the National Register of Historic Places. Nonetheless, on March 30, 1973, Governor Holton announced the prison construction would proceed, since nearly half of the land in the district (especially the 1000 acres now owned by Richard Purcell and other parcels held by owners who hoped for vermiculite royalties discussed below) was not subject to the checkerboard of conservation easements. By fall, Republican Secretary of the Interior Rogers C.B. Morton (a Kentucky-born former Maryland congressman and chairman of the Republican National Committee) wrote the term-limited Governor Holton criticizing the proposed prisons location. The Richmond Mercury published a cartoon entitled "Holtons Vietnam" (showing the governor opening his shirt LBJ-style to display an outline of Louisa County with the prison location starred), echoing a Washington Post editorial.</p><br>
<p>In December 1972, W.R. Grace & Co. proposed to strip mine vermiculite from the area for fire-proofing insulation and cat litter, among other uses. Although a combination of negative publicity and legal liability for other toxic mining techniques would propel Grace into bankruptcy in 2001, the strip mine was constructed, albeit on a smaller scale. of the area clearly show the destruction caused by the mine) but not on the scale that was intended originally. A great many significant houses and lands continue to be preserved and excluded from the development that is transforming some of the area around the district.</p><br>
<h2>National Register properties</h2><br>
<p>Significant places listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places include:</p><br>
<p>Boswell&#39;s Tavern, an important meeting place during the American Revolution and a well-preserved example of a Colonial-era tavern.</p><br>
<p>Grassdale, an Italianate villa built in 1861 by the Morris family, later home of Rear Admiral David W. Taylor and his wife Imogene Morris Taylor.</p><br>
<p>Green Springs, a late 18th-century house built by the Morris family near the springs that lent their name to the district.</p><br>
<p>Hawkwood, an Italianate villa designed by prominent New York architect Alexander Jackson Davis for Richard Overton Morris, completed in 1855, gutted by fire in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Ionia, a late 18th-century -story frame house, original seat of the Watson family</p><br>
<p>Westend, a temple-fronted plantation house with extant dependencies, built by the Morris family.</p><br>
<h2>Major historic properties</h2><br>
<p>Major historic properties in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Barton House is an early 19th-century -story frame house built by the Barton family.</p><br>
<p>Belle Monte is a Federal style two-story house built in the early 18th** century and enlarged in both the 19th and 20th century. (**The Historic American Buildings Survey listed the house built in the 19th century but pulled that data from a National Historic Register Nomination Form filled out in error) There are multiple historic references to the original builder of the house and family being born at the residence prior to the 1790s as well as land transfers predating the 1780s and a reference to Belle Monte in a letter from Thomas Jefferson. Lafayette stayed at and used the house as a recuperative hospital for his soldiers. There is definite precedence that places the original structure in the early to mid-1700s. Belle Monte is in close proximity to Boswell&#39;s Tavern and built in the same era.</p><br>
<p>Berea Baptist Church is an 1857 Gothic Revival church established in 1795.</p><br>
<p>Bracketts is a two-story frame house built about 1800.</p><br>
<p>Corduroy is a circa 1850 two-story frame house with a hipped roof and a single-story entrance portico.</p><br>
<p>Eastern View is a two-story frame house with a hipped roof and Moorish-style porches, built in 1856.</p><br>
<p>Galway is a two-story frame house with a hipped roof and a balustraded Tuscan porch. Its eaves feature a scalloped cornice.</p><br>
<p>Kenmuir is a -story frame house built about 1855. The house shows Gothic Revival influence with its lancet windows in the gables.</p><br>
<p>Oakleigh is a two-story late 19th century frame house with a bracketed cornice and a full-width veranda on the front featuring sawn detailing.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill is an 18th-century house that was progressively enlarged in the 19th and 20th centuries. The two-story frame house features a two-level porch on two sides, along with dependent structures.</p><br>
<p>Quaker Hill is a small one-story frame house dating to circa 1820.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Chapel surrounded by a historic graveyard, is located at the intersection of Route 640 (East Jack Jouett Road) and Route 617 (East Green Springs Road) in Louisa County. The chapel was completed in 1888, but today is used for scheduled religious services twice yearly.</p><br>
<p>Sylvania was built in 1746 by the Morris family. The two-story frame house has a hipped roof with a cross gable, with wings to either side and an ell to the rear. Sylvania was extensively damaged by a tornado on October 13, 2011, which blew the roof off the house.</p><br>
<p>Westlands is an Italianate two-story brick house, built around 1856.</p><br>
<h2>Other properties</h2><br>
<p>Other historic properties include:</p><br>
<p>Ashleigh is a 1900 frame house of two stories with a large veranda.</p><br>
<p>Aspen Hill is a two-story late-19th century frame house with a lancet gable window.</p><br>
<p>Fair Oaks is a two-story frame house built about 1900 with an Ionic Classical Revival veranda.</p><br>
<p>Green "K" Acres (Oakleigh) is a late 19th-century two-story frame house with a veranda.</p><br>
<p>Hard Bargain is a Stick Style two-story frame house with an irregular plan and a veranda.</p><br>
<p>Hill House is a 1918 two-story frame house.</p><br>
<p>Midloch is a circa 1900 two-story frame house with paneled chimneys and a large veranda.</p><br>
<p>Mill View is a -story frame house dating to the late 18th century, with a two-story addition.</p><br>
<p>Peers House is an 1857 two-story frame house with a hipped roof and a cross gable. A second Peers House was built in the late 19th century with sawn ornament on its two-story porch.</p><br>
<p>Sunny Banks is an 1888 two-story Queen Anne Victorian frame house featuring foundation to roof front bay windows.</p><br>
<p>Sunny View was built about 1900. It is a two-story frame house with a large veranda.</p><br>
<p>The district also includes the village of Poindexter at the intersection of Virginia Routes 613 and 640.</p><br>
<h2>Status</h2><br>
<p>On May 30, 1974, the district was declared a National Historic Landmark. On December 12, 1977, the United States Secretary of the Interior agreed to accept preservation easements for nearly half of the 14,004 acre in the district. These allow the NPS to own development rights to the land, and to ensure its continuing rural and agricultural nature. The district is an affiliated area of Shenandoah National Park. The National Park Service does not provide any facilities in the district.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ethan Allen was an earthwork fortification that the Union Army built in 1861 on the property of Gilbert Vanderwerken in Alexandria County , Virginia, as part of the Civil War defenses of Washington . The remains of the fort are now within Arlington County&#39;s Fort Ethan Allen Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Union Army built Fort Ethan Allen in September 1861, shortly after the Armys rout at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in late July of that year. The fortification was a large bastion-style fort that was located in the Countys highlands near the Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>Before the Army constructed the fort, farmland and forests filled the area. To allow for clear lines of sight toward other fortifications and approaches to Washington, D.C., the Army removed trees and other vegetation that were near the site.</p><br>
<p>Built like other northern Virginia defenses, the fort was constructed following the directives of General John G. Barnard of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The walls of the fort were made stronger than most other such forts because it protected Chain Bridge, one of the most important approaches to Washington from the south.</p><br>
<p>The Chain Bridge forts in Virginia (Fort Marcy and Fort Ethan Allen) considerably strengthened the web of fortifications that defended the northern flank of the Arlington Line. Because of its size and location, Fort Ethan Allen was a critical element of this comer of the Washington defenses.</p><br>
<p>A line of trenches and roads, which were used to transport troops and supplies, connected the fortifications of the Arlington Line. In addition, the fort was connected by a long series of trenches and earthworks to the nearby Fort Marcy and Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>The fort consisted of four main faces, with additional angles built into the north and east faces. It maintained a perimeter of 768 yard with emplacements for 34 guns. Interior structures included two bomb-proofs, ammunition magazines, and other supporting structures.</p><br>
<p>A May 7, 1864, report from the Union Army&#39;s Inspector of Artillery (see Union Army artillery organization) noted the following:Fort Ethan Allen, Col. A. A. Gibson commanding.–Garrison, nine companies Second Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery–1 colonel, 29 commissioned officers, 1,346 men, and 1 ordnance-sergeant. Armament, nine 6-pounder field guns, three 10-pounder Parrotts, three 32-pounder bronze howitzers, four 24-pounder siege guns, two 8-inch sea-coast howitzers, eleven 30-pounder Parrotts, six 24-pounder Coehorn mortars, four 10-inch siege mortars. Magazines, four; dry and serviceable. Ammunition, full supply and in good order. Implements, complete and serviceable. Drill in artillery, ordinary; needs improving. Drill in infantry, very indifferent; needs much improving. Discipline, indifferent. Garrison larger than necessary. Cavalry garrison, one company (E) Thirteenth New York Cavalry–2 commissioned officers, 78 enlisted men, 53 equipped, 52 horses.</p><br>
<p>There was no military action at the fort throughout the Civil War; the only Confederate Army attack on Washingtons fortifications occurred north of the city in 1864 during the Battle of Fort Stevens. Perhaps the most memorable wartime occurrence at Fort Ethan Allen was a visit by President Abraham Lincoln during the forts construction.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the Arlington County government erected a historic marker near the site of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The Arlington County Board designated the fort to be a local historic district on October 3, 1978. The National Park Service listed the fort on the National Register of Historic Places on February 11, 2004.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the Arlington County government installed nine interpretive panels within Fort Ethan Allen Park as part of its Neighborhood Conservation Program. In addition, the Virginia Civil War Trails has placed a historic marker near the fort&#39;s site.</p><br>
<h2>Existing remnants</h2><br>
<p>Fort Ethan Allen retains several major aboveground features. These include large earthworks, one bombproof, gun platforms, and traces of magazines. The forts remaining interior structures remain visible, as do the forts south face, centrally located bombproof, and remaining north face structures. An outlier trench, which the Arlington County Board has designated as a local historic district, remains to the southwest of the fort.</p><br>
<p>Chelsea Market is a food hall, shopping mall, office building and television production facility located in the Chelsea neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The Chelsea Market complex occupies an entire city block with a connecting bridge over Tenth Avenue to the adjacent 85 Tenth Avenue building. The High Line passes through the 10th Avenue side of the building.</p><br>
<p>Chelsea Market was constructed in the 1890s and was originally the site of the National Biscuit Company (Nabisco) factory complex where the Oreo cookie was invented and produced. The complex was redeveloped in the 1990s and features a retail concourse at ground level with office space above. Chelsea Market is currently owned by Alphabet Inc., parent company of Google. Chelsea Market lies within the "Gansevoort Market Historic District", which is recognized by New York State and National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chelsea Market complex fills an entire city block bounded by Ninth and Tenth Avenues and 15th and 16th Streets, with a connecting bridge over Tenth Avenue to the adjacent 85 Tenth Avenue building, which was also part of the Nabisco complex but is now separately owned. In addition to the retail concourse, it also provides standard office space for tenants, including media and broadcasting companies such as Oxygen Network, Food Network, MLB.com, BAMTech, EMI Music Publishing and the local New York City cable station NY1. More recently, Google has moved into some of the second, third, fourth, seventh, and eighth floors along with its subsidiary YouTube on the fifth.</p><br>
<p>Retail facilities were introduced into the building by connecting the original back lots of individual buildings to a central, ground-level concourse with entries at 9th and 10th Avenues (completed in April 1997 by Architect Jeff Vandeberg). Anchor stores include Pearl River Mart, Chelsea Market Baskets, Posman Books, Sarabeths Bakery, Manhattan Fruit Exchange, MokBar, BuonItalia, Anthropologie, and the Buddakan restaurant. There is also a variety of cultures to explore including restaurants like Los Mariscos, Miznon, the Fat Witch Bakery, Amys Bread, Chelsea Wine Vault, Elenis Bakery, Ninth Street Espresso, The Lobster Place, Dicksons Farmstand, The Green Table, Chelsea Thai and Friedman&#39;s Lunch, an Italian fresh pasta restaurant called Giovanni Rana Pastificio e Cucina, as well as a variety of smaller stores selling cheese, artisanal salt and olive oil, chocolate and flowers. In November 2015 Davidovich Bakery announced the opening of a Davidovich Bagels location at the Chelsea Market.</p><br>
<p>Morimoto, owned by Food Network "Iron Chef" Masaharu Morimoto and designed by Japanese architect Tadao Ando, opened in January 2006 and operated on the 10th Avenue side for 15 years until 2020. The Food Network used to film its shows Iron Chef America and Emeril Live in the Chelsea Market complex.</p><br>
<p>The developers of Chelsea Market encourage a symbiotic relationship among their tenants with the vendors supplying the restaurateurs with fresh ingredients, such as seafood, vegetables, fruit and meats. Chelsea Market brings diverse tenants, businesses, and vendors together that encourage tenants to foster community and cultivate business support among one another. The presence of television companies in the same building also brings media attention to the site and the businesses that are found there. The site also allows businesses to combine their manufacturing and retail assets under one roof.</p><br>
<p>The High Line, which opened in the spring of 2009, passes through the building&#39;s Tenth Avenue side. This abandoned, elevated railroad track has been converted to an urban oasis or greenway, which now forms a continuous route between the Javits Center and the Meatpacking District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of baking facilities by local concerns at this location began in the 1890s, and merger of several companies into the National Biscuit Company (often then known as NBC) occurred in 1898. Nabisco continued to expand the facilities until the companys departure for the suburbs in 1958. The final configuration consists of 19 separate structures taking up the entire city block, and included both production areas and offices. Several decades of varying levels of occupancy and light industrial use followed Nabiscos departure as the commercial character of the neighborhood declined. Since its redevelopment by Irwin Cohen (1933–2023) with Jeff Vandeberg and Vandenberg Architects in the 1990s, the complex has featured a retail concourse at ground level with office space above, and is distinguished by its light-hearted touches and re-use of historic urban artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the original buildings consist of heavy timber wood construction with brick facades and were designed by the firm of Romeyn & Stever. There is also an interior pedestrian bridge on some upper levels to allow people to cross from the north to south sides of the courtyard. The building on the Tenth Avenue side is a later structure designed in the 1930s by Nabisco&#39;s then-architect Louis Wirsching Jr. that replaced the original baking facilities there. Its construction coincided with that of the High Line, allowing a freight train siding to be built directly within the building itself. Rail and aluminum-clad walking bridge connections were also added going across 10th Avenue to tie in the existing 85 Tenth Avenue building across the street.</p><br>
<p>Chelsea Market lies within the "Gansevoort Market Historic District", which is recognized by New York State and National Register of Historic Places. It was nominated by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, which advocated for the New York City Historic District in the Meatpacking District to include properties north to 16th Street. However, the area designated in 2003 by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission stops shy of 15th Street.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, then-owners Jamestown L.P. received approval to proceed with a planned 6-story office tower expansion above the western portion of the site, despite significant opposition by community and activist groups. Construction of the expansion project had not yet started as of 2014.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, Google parent company Alphabet Inc. bought Chelsea Market for more than $2.4 billion. Google owns 111 Eighth Avenue, across Ninth Avenue from Chelsea Market. Prior to the sale of the market, Google leased space in the building. The sale was described as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a single building in history of New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Dunbar Apartments, also known as the Paul Laurence Dunbar Garden Apartments or Dunbar Garden Apartments, is a complex of buildings located on West 149th and West 150th Streets between Frederick Douglass Boulevard/Macombs Place and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. They were built by John D. Rockefeller Jr. from 1926 to 1928 to provide housing for African Americans, and was the first large cooperative aimed at that demographic. The buildings were designed by architect Andrew J. Thomas and were named in honor of the noted African American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar.</p><br>
<p>The complex consists of six separate buildings with a total of 511 apartments (as constructed) and occupies an entire city block. The buildings center around an interior garden courtyard, with each building U-shaped so that every apartment receives easy air flow and direct sunlight at some point during the day. The Dunbar is considered the "first large garden-complex in Manhattan."</p><br>
<p>The complex was designated a New York City Landmark in 1970, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The Dunbar Apartments were constructed as an experiment in housing reform, to alleviate the housing shortage in Harlem and to provide housing for African Americans. Rather than being set up as rental apartments, the complex was a housing cooperative. Tenants were required to pay a down payment of $50 per room, and then $14.50 per room per month, much of which went towards a mortgage on the space. In 22 years, if payments were all made on time, the tenant would own the apartment. The project was both the first large cooperative aimed at African Americans, and also New York City&#39;s first large garden apartment complex.</p><br>
<p>The original tenants were primarily middle class, and inexpensive childcare was provided on-site to support working mothers. However, the building opened in 1928, and the Great Depression began just a year later. The management of the complex was forced to loosen a number of cooperative rules in order to allow people to, for example, take in lodgers. Even so, too many tenants failed to make their payments and the buildings defaulted on their mortgage to Rockefeller. He foreclosed in 1936, and a year later the buildings were converted to rental units.</p><br>
<p>In June 2013, the Dunbar Apartments were sold to the Brooklyn-based developer E&M Associates. Plans were set in motion to upgrade the facilities and establish the Dunbar as one of the premier upscale complexes in Upper Manhattan. These plans include renovating the vacant apartments, updating and refurbishing the interior courtyard and garden, and the addition of a variety of amenities including a fitness center, playground, additional security and a doorman. The contract was acquired by Samuel Berry and Andrew Melohn of Douglas Elliman working in conjunction with Fredrik Eklund.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Noted personalities to live in the Dunbar Apartments include leaders of the Civil Rights Movement such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Noah D. Thompson, and A. Philip Randolph, author William Melvin Kelley, entertainer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, poet Countee Cullen, and the explorer Matthew Henson.</p><br>
<p>Branch House in Richmond, Virginia, was designed in 1916 by the firm of John Russell Pope as a private residence of financier John Kerr Branch and his wife Beulah Gould Branch.</p><br>
<p>The house lies within Richmonds Monument Avenue Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967. Branch House itself was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The districts status was extended in 1989 and subsequently upgraded to a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<p>After a Branch family heir gifted the home to a local charity in the 1950s, the house changed ownership several times until it was purchased in 2003 by the Virginia Architecture Foundation (formerly the Virginia Center for Architecture Foundation) in 2005 it reopened as the headquarters of its successor, the Virginia Center for Architecture (VCA) with offices for the Virginia Society of the American Institute of Architects (VSAIA), VCA moved from the Branch House in 2015. Since 2015, the Branch House has been the home of The Branch Museum of Architecture and Design (www.branchmuseum.org).</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>After designing Branch House, the firm of John Russell Pope (1874–1937) became widely known for designing the National Archives and Records Administration building (1935), the Jefferson Memorial (1943) and the West Building of the National Gallery of Art (1941) in Washington, DC. Popes partner, Otto R. Eggers (1882–1964), completed those commissions after Popes death in 1937, and subsequently designed prominent projects including the interior of the (1952) and the Morehead Planetarium at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</p><br>
<p>Branch House was thus elevated to the National Register because it was designed by one of the countrys prominent architectural firms during the early 20th century; because it is the only example of the firms domestic work in Virginia; and because it is the only example of the firm&#39;s Tudor-Jacobean Revival residences in which the interiors have survived intact. In addition, the house is located within a historic district of cultural significance and is the largest house in the city of Richmond.</p><br>
<p>Branch House accurately reflects a particular period of American history, in the early decades of the twentieth century, when English architectural styles were fashionable among wealthy industrialists and financiers. The client was also scion to a distinguished Virginia family and had assembled a substantial collection of Renaissance artifacts.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>After receiving the gift of half a city block from his father, John Kerr and Beulah Branch commissioned the firm of John Russell Pope for the design. The site was adjacent to the colonnaded memorial to Jefferson Davis at 2501 Monument Avenue at Davis Street, in what is now the Monument Avenue Historic District, itself within Richmonds Fan district. Notably, the site is on axis with the Broad Street Station to the north, possibly related to John Kerr Branchs professional associations with the railroad.</p><br>
<h3>Overall design</h3><br>
<p>According to the 1984 application to the National Register of Historic Places, Pope himself had limited involvement in the project and never visited the building. The architectural construction drawings were dated August 18, 1916, and signed by his business partner, architect Otto R. Eggers. Floor plans included 28 major rooms:</p><br>
<p>The overall size of the house has been reported as ranging from 27,000 to 33,000 sq ft. It is roughly three times the size of its neighbors on Monument Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Branch House features a central portion flanked by two projecting pavilions. The roof is double-pitched with parapets and castellation (or crenelations), creating numerous complexities and hidden flat areas. The eastern pavilion has a three-story castellated bay. The 1984 application to the National Register of Historic Places described the homes relationship to the street as "extremely awkward." Popes office had made provision for a garage on Park Avenue, but a two-door garage was not added until the 1920s, at the west end of the building.</p><br>
<p>Although from the outside the house appears to have three storeys, and although the interior is logically laid out, the interior is organized on numerous different levels &mdash; variously reported as ranging from 11 levels to as many as 19.</p><br>
<h3>Style and inspiration</h3><br>
<p>The historic style of Branch House has been variously reported as Tudor, Tudor Revival, Tudor-Jacobean or Domestic Tudor. The 1984 application to the National Register of Historic Places noted that the design "incorporated salient features from several 16th-century English country houses to form a convincingly correct assemblage of design elements," adding that "to maintain the illusion of age, the architect had the building materials distressed and aged to add patina to the image of power and pedigree" and furthermore that "barons of American industry, finance, and culture, such as Branch, appropriated the traditions of English domestic architecture as a way of asserting a noble lineage for their class."</p><br>
<p>John Russell Pope had traveled extensively and the firm based the design for Branch House on a large 16th-century country house in Warwickshire, England known as Compton Wynyates, which features numerous exterior details also found at Branch House including linenfold paneling inside and exterior half-timbering and brick diapering, along with oriel and casement windows with leaded glass. Pope&#39;s office primarily borrowed details and design elements from Compton Wynyates, which wraps around a large interior courtyard, sits on the interior of a large country parcel, and is highly expansive and asymmetrical. Branch House, by contrast, includes no courtyard, sits adjacent to a street corner on an urban parcel and is largely compact and more symmetrical.</p><br>
<h3>Construction and details</h3><br>
<p>Exterior features of Branch House include its perimeter wall of brick construction, wall materials of weathered brick combined with distressed and patinized briarcliff sandstone, sculpted stone motifs, sandstone door and window surrounds, chimney pots, brickwork with diamond diapering, leaded glass, carved-stone heraldry, oriel windows with cul-de-lampe (corbeling resembling the conical bottom of ancient lamps), bargeboards resembling those of Compton Wynyates, inscriptions at the window heads referring to the Branch family&#39;s arrival in Virginia during the 17th century, a tower reminiscent of that at Hampton Court Palace, and three characteristically Tudor twisted brick chimneys that resemble those found in Tudor pattern books of the period.</p><br>
<p>The interior features vaulted ceilings, curvilinear tracery featuring heraldic symbols, heavily decorated pargeted Tudor-style plaster molding, Utilizing artifacts from the Branches personal Renaissance collection, the house incorporated an Italian door and a carved wood gallery screen (or minstrel screen) from England. Until Beulah Gould Branchs death, almost every wall surface in the homes primary rooms was covered with the couples collection of tapestries and textiles.</p><br>
<h2>The Branch Family</h2><br>
<p>John Kerr Branch was born in Danville, Virginia, to Mary Louise Merritt Kerr and John Patteson Branch, both originally of Petersburg, Virginia. The elder Branch was a noted Richmond banker, investor, financier and philanthropist. On his death in 1915, The New York Times called him the "Nestor of Richmond Bankers."</p><br>
<p>John Kerr Branch grew up in Richmond and attended the McGuire School, subsequently studying in Paris and Germany (1882–1884). At age 21 he began clerking with his father&#39;s firm, Thomas Branch & Company. Branch invested successfully in real estate and railroads; and became director of the Continental Insurance Company of New York (chiefly involved with Southern cotton mills and railroads) and the Petersburg Savings and Insurance Company. He became President of Merchants National Bank of Richmond (having founded the bank in 1871); and President of Bankers and Brokers, Richmond. He was a member of the New York Stock Exchange and in addition to numerous Richmond clubs, also a member of the New York Yacht Club and the Downtown Association of New York.</p><br>
<p>Branch met Beulah Frances Gould in Germany on a retreat in the Black Forest. Both Quakers, they married in 1886 at the Gould family&#39;s rural estate, Elmwood, at Quaker Hill, Pawling, New York, and subsequently had three children: John Akin (born 1887), Zayde Bancroft Branch (born 1891), and Louise Branch (born 1900).</p><br>
<p>Branch had already begun a career as an avid collector at age 19, when he acquired two 16th-century chairs. He and his wife Beulah later became widely known as collectors of Italian Renaissance paintings, furniture, tapestries, woodwork and armour. For the design of their new home, they began working with the firm of John Russell Pope in 1914, well before the firms noted commissions in Washington, D.C. At the time when the Branches commissioned the home, Popes firm had just won the competition to design Richmonds Broad Street Train Station, just two blocks to the north on land owned by Branchs father near Monument Avenue&#39;s Jefferson Davis memorial. The elder Branch gifted an entire city block to his son and daughter on condition that they build their homes there. John Kerr built on one half of the block, and construction was complete in 1919 at a cost of $160,000, roughly the equivalent of $19 million in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Branches lived "seasonally," maintaining Elmwood, their farm estate at Quaker Hill, Pawling, New York and later also acquiring a 15th-century Italian Renaissance villa near Florence (Villa Marsilio Ficino in Fiesole). Branch House was their winter home.</p><br>
<p>John Kerr Branch died in Fiesole on July 1, 1930, at age 65 of bronchitis, and was buried in Richmond. Beulah Gould Branch continued to live in the home until her death in 1952. Their daughter, Zayde Branch Rennolds (Mrs. Edmond Addison Rennolds Sr.) subsequently gifted the home to a Richmond charity.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership succession and recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1953, Branch House was given by Zayde Branch Rennolds (Mrs. Edmund Addison Rennolds Sr.), the daughter of Beulah and John Kerr Branch, to the Richmond Community Chest, which subsequently became the United Givers Fund, in turn becoming the Richmond office of the United Way. After Beulah Gould Branch&#39;s death and during the years 1957–1975, the house became known as the Branch Memorial House.</p><br>
<p>By 1966, the house was occupied by a group of nine charities, including the United Way and the American Cancer Society. As the headquarters for the United Way of Greater Richmond, Branch House hosted numerous social events, meetings, and community activities, including the summer concert series of the Richmond Pops Band.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, Robert E. Pogue of Richmond and his wife Janice W. Pogue of Richmond bought the house and set up the offices of Pogue & Associates, Inc., an insurance agency representing Northwestern Mutual. The Pogues subsequently donated a preservation easement to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. In exchange for tax benefits, the easement stipulated that "no major changes (could) be made to the exterior or interior, in perpetuity." In December 1983, the Pogues successfully applied to list Branch House on the National Register of Historic Places. During its use by the Pogues and Northwestern Mutual, the house was extensively rehabilitated and again made available for public events.</p><br>
<p>By 1990, the insurance agency had outgrown the house and put it up for sale for an asking price of 2.5 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Virginia Center for Architecture Foundation (VCAF), precursor to the Virginia Center for Architecture (VCA), purchased the landmark for $2 million, subsequently verifying historic preservation tax credits, coordinating work with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, and undertaking a $2 million renovation. The renovation repaired flat sections of the complex roof system, repaired the leaded-glass casement windows, removed paint from its interior stonework, modernized the HVAC systems and brought the facility into compliance with the accessibility requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act.</p><br>
<p>On April 1, 2005, the facility opened as a museum, incorporating galleries, shops and offices. Two large rooms, one a long gallery along the northern wall of the house and another the former living room, provide exhibit space. Until 2015, the Branch House accommodated the offices of the Virginia Society of the American Institute of Architects (VSAIA) and the Virginia Center for Architecture (VCA). Since 2015, the Branch House has been the home of The Branch Museum of Architecture and Design (www.branchmuseum.org), which presents changing exhibits and programs, along with the annual Mad Hatter Garden Party and Auction. In 2024, The Branch Museum will host a series of eight changing exhibits as part of Design Matters, presented in conjunction with an international speaker series exploring the importance and impact of design on everyday life.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal parish in Burlington, Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. The original church was built in 1703. It was supplemented with a new church on adjacent land in 1854. On May 31, 1972, the new church was added to the National Register of Historic Places and on June 24, 1986, it was declared a National Historic Landmark. It is within the Burlington Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Old church</h2><br>
<p>In 1695 settlers acquired land for a cemetery at West Broad and Wood streets. In 1702 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent Anglican missionaries from England to New Jersey. One of them, John Talbot, became rector of St. Mary&#39;s Church (built in 1703) in 1705. It is the first and oldest Episcopal congregation in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>As the congregation grew, parishioners decided to build a new, larger church. They commissioned Richard Upjohn to design it. In 1846, construction began on adjoining land at 145 West Broad Street. It was consecrated in 1854.</p><br>
<h2>New church</h2><br>
<p>New St. Marys Church was constructed between 1846 and 1854. It is one of the earliest attempts in the United States to "follow a specific English medieval church model for which measured drawings existed." This Gothic Revival-style church was designed by Richard Upjohn, who modeled it after St. Johns Church in Shottesbrooke, England. It helped to firmly establish Upjohn as a practitioner of Gothic design. It is a massive brownstone church with a long nave. The crossing is topped by a tall stone spire that has eight bells cast in England in 1865 by Thomas Mears II at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. It has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h3>Fire</h3><br>
<p>In 1976 while renovations were being done to the church a mistake made by one of the workers led to a fire which caused extreme roof and interior damage.</p><br>
<p>The fire was discovered in the early AM hours of April 15, 1976, Holy Thursday. Eventually, a general alarm fire was declared bringing hundreds of firemen from Burlington City, Burlington Township, Beverly-Edgewater Park, and Willingboro in New Jersey as well as Bristol across the bridge in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Bloomfield (1753–1823), Governor of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Elias Boudinot (1740–1821), President of the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1783.</p><br>
<p>William Bradford (1755–1795), United States Attorney General</p><br>
<p>Daniel Coxe, Governor of West Jersey</p><br>
<p>George Washington Doane (1799–1859), second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Rowland Ellis</p><br>
<p>Edward Burd Grubb Jr. (1841–1913), American Civil War Brevet Brigadier General.</p><br>
<p>Franklin D&#39;Olier, founder of the American Legion</p><br>
<p>James Kinsey (1731–1803), Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1789 to 1803.</p><br>
<p>Joseph McIlvaine (1769–1826), represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 1823 to 1826.</p><br>
<p>William Milnor (1769–1848), member of the USA House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and Mayor of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>William H. Odenheimer, third Bishop of New Jersey</p><br>
<p>Isabel Paterson (1886–1961), libertarian author.</p><br>
<p>John H. Pugh (1827–1905), represented New Jersey&#39;s 2nd congressional district from 1877 to 1879.</p><br>
<p>Garret D. Wall (1783–1850), United States Senator from 1835 to 1841.</p><br>
<p>James Walter Wall (1820–1872), United States Senator and Mayor of Burlington, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Amos Jerome Snell Hall and Charles Hitchcock Hall, more commonly known as Snell–Hitchcock , make up a residence hall at the University of Chicago. The dorm is on the northwest corner of the University&#39;s main quadrangles at the corner of 57th St. and Ellis Avenue. It is connected via emergency exits to Searle Chemistry Laboratory. Built in 1892  and 1901 , they are the oldest residence halls still in use as such on the university&#39;s campus. Snell is built in a Collegiate Gothic style, while Hitchcock is Prairie Style-inspired Gothic. The buildings feature fireplaces and exteriors of limestone, as well as hardwood molding and trim.</p><br>
<p>Snell–Hitchcock is known for having a high level of community spirit and involvement, which are best displayed at the annual University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt. As of 2015, the Snell–Hitchcock team has won 14 of the 29 hunts to date, and holds the longest winning streak (four years) in the history of the game.</p><br>
<p>Hitchcock Houses mascot is the armadillo. Snell Houses mascot is the tortoise, after being recently changed from a monkey.</p><br>
<h2>Hitchcock Hall</h2><br>
<p>Hitchcock was built in 1901, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is built in a Collegiate Gothic style, like Snell and most of the University of Chicago&#39;s campus, but has many Prairie School elements, such as stone corn husks instead of gargoyles and flat-roofed instead of gabled dormers.</p><br>
<p>Hitchcock is built in the European "landing" style of dormitory with five stairwells linked through the front cloister and basement, though only the basement is used now in order to ensure that the building is more secure. The three interior "sections" (Sections II-IV) are each built around a single staircase. Each interior Section consists of two floors of four double-rooms with a fourth floor that has two suites (doubles with a large living room and separate bedroom). Most of the rooms have non-working fireplaces. The first floor houses the apartment for the Resident Deans, a live-in faculty couple. Traditionally, each section has had a women-only and a men-only floor, with the suite floor being either single or mixed-sex depending on the desires of the residents.</p><br>
<p>The outermost sections of Hitchcock (Sections I & V) house primarily upper-class students. They have small hallways with six to eight residents per floor, many in single rooms. Section I is the farthest from the front desk of Hitchcock and each floor is mixed-sex with a shared bathroom. It has some of the largest rooms in Hitchcock Hall, and includes several rooms known as "octagons" which are located in a turret-like structure and have many windows overlooking 57th and Ellis. The basement entrance to this section opens up into the common area that connects Snell and Hitchcock. Section I also contains "horseshoe doubles" (room #1x7), large doubles with separate niches and closets for each resident. The horseshoe doubles also have a (nonworking) fireplace and large hearth. Section I was also home to noted astronomer, Emmy award winner, and Pulitzer and Hugo award-winning author Carl Sagan in the 1954–1955 academic year.</p><br>
<p>Section V is built above the Green Room, a large lounge, which is properly known as the Charles Hitchcock Memorial Library. Unlike Section I the first two floors are alternating single-sex (female, then male) with the top floor remaining mixed-sex. Section V has some of the more unusual rooms in Hitchcock, including several which have their own names.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor of section V is the "Fermi Room," where Enrico Fermi is said to have lived while working on the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. It is rumored that he chose that room because it had its own bathroom with tub; though the bathroom remains, the tub was replaced with a shower in 2008. Linked to the Fermi Room is the Fermi Blackboard, which is said to be the same blackboard Fermi used to do his calculations, although this may be an urban legend. This possibility does not, nevertheless, detract from many students&#39; desire to possess it.</p><br>
<p>On the fourth floor is "The Ranch" (room 541), a sprawling single which extends across the north side of the section. It overlooks the Regenstein Library and Ratner Athletic Center and on a clear day the Sears Tower can be seen in the distance. It is usually one of the most sought-after rooms in the House&#39;s annual housing lottery.</p><br>
<p>The main lounge in Hitchcock, the Green Room, is a large reading room with tiled floor, a grand piano, a working fireplace, and portraits of namesake Charles Hitchcock, benefactor Annie Hitchcock, and University of Chicago patron Daniel Shorey. Hitchcock also has a kitchen, a bike storage room, and a laundry room. Each section has its own door onto Hitchcocks cloister (known as the Arcade), but the doors are used for exiting only and all entry must be through the main entrance or from Snell. The Snell–Hitchcock front desk and mail room are located in Hitchcocks main entrance. Hitchcock has two assistant resident heads (RAs) and one set of Resident Heads, often a live-in graduate student couple.</p><br>
<h2>Snell Hall</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1892, Snell is half the size of Hitchcock, housing approximately 50 residents on four floors. It has the distinction of being one of the first womens dorms on a coeducational campus. In the beginning, it only housed women for two quarters; once the intended womens dorm opened, Snell was turned over to the men. All the rooms are singles, except for a two-room suite on the second floor. Three of the four floors are of mixed sexes, while the third floor is women-only. A co-op kitchen, laundry room, and a small recreational room are located in the basement, which connects with Hitchcock Hall. Until 2014, when it was closed, Snell residents could enter the hall through a separate door from the main hall doors. Snells main lounge is the Tea Room, an oak-paneled room with a non-working fireplace, copious selection of periodicals and, notably to residents, a dog-eared copy of John Rechys novel The Sexual Outlaw. Snell has one resident assistant (RA) and one set of Resident Heads, often a live-in graduate student couple.</p><br>
<p>The South Shore Cultural Center, in Chicago, Illinois, is a cultural facility located at 71st Street and South Shore Drive, in the city&#39;s South Shore neighborhood. It encompasses the club facility, grounds, and beach of the former South Shore Country Club, which in the 1970s became part of the public Chicago Park District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The South Shore Country Club was founded in 1905 as a suburban counterpart to the urban clubs of Chicago, such as the Athletic Club. The original building was built at that time, designed by architects Marshall and Fox in a Mediterranean Revival style. In 1909, a theater was added, but in 1916, Marshall and Fox were engaged to design a newer building, still in the Mediterranean Revival style. This is the building that still stands. Originally built as a Protestant-only club, later, Irish-Catholics were admitted.</p><br>
<p>Besides the main clubhouse, the Country Club also had stables, a nine-hole golf course, tennis courts, a bowling green, and a private beach on Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1960s, the character of the neighborhood was changing rapidly.</p><br>
<p>As Hyde Park, Woodlawn, and South Shore became racially integrated, the wealthy whites who formed the membership in the club started to leave the neighborhood in droves. In 1967, the club considered opening its membership to Jews (for the first time since the 1930s) and African Americans (for the first time ever). The decision at that time not to open membership accelerated the decline of the club; in 1973, the decision was made to liquidate its assets, and in 1975, the property was sold to the Chicago Park District for $9.775 million.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>A coalition of neighborhood activists and historic preservationists successfully convinced the Park District not to demolish the buildings. Instead, the facility was renamed the South Shore Cultural Center. Over two decades, the main buildings were slowly renovated and repurposed. Other buildings were torn down.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Today the Cultural Center houses the South Shore Cultural Center School of the Arts (youth and teen programs, community art classes, the Paul Robeson Theatre, a Fine Art Gallery, two dance studios, music practice rooms, and a visual arts studio with a kiln). In addition, there are banquet facilities for rent for weddings, receptions, and meetings. The golf course is still in operation, and is open to the public, as are the beach, picnic areas, gardens, and a nature center. The horse stables are currently used by the Chicago Police Department&#39;s mounted unit. The building houses the Parrot Cage Restaurant, which is operated as a teaching program of the Washburne Culinary Institute. The Chicago Lakefront Trail (abbreviated as LFT) is an 18-mile multi-use path in Chicago, Illinois along the coast of Lake Michigan and runs past the center.</p><br>
<p>The center now competes with the Jackson Park 63rd Street Beach House and Promontory Point as South Side beachfront special use facilities in the Park District.</p><br>
<p>The buildings exteriors were used as the "Palace Hotel Ballroom" in The Blues Brothers. The Cultural Center was the site of Barack and Michelle Obamas wedding reception on October 3, 1992.</p><br>
<p>On May 26, 2004, it became a Chicago Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Elsing Green Plantation, a National Historic Landmark and wildlife refuge, rests upon nearly 3,000 acre along the Pamunkey River in King William County, Virginia, a rural county on the western end of the state&#39;s middle peninsula, approximately 33 mi northeast of the Richmond. The 18th-century plantation, now owned by the Lafferty family, has been in continuous operation for more than 300 years. In addition to the plantation house, dependency buildings and cultivated land, Elsing Green includes 2,454 acre of surrounding farmland, forest and marsh land. Elsing Green has been on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places since 1969, and received formal National Historic Landmark status in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Its history dates back nearly three centuries with ties to the West family of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (a/k/a Lord Delaware). The original structure, a brick Jacobean lodge now serving as the east dependency of the manor house, was built before 1690 by his descendant, Colonel John West. Lord Delaware used the building as his hunting lodge, supposedly escaping to the King William woods by way of the Pamunkey River. Now primarily a wildlife refuge, no hunting is allowed on the property or surrounding wetlands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although fire during the American Civil War destroyed many of the records detailing the history of Elsing Green, the Lafferty Foundation holds to what it believes as an accurate account of the plantation&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was passed down through the West family after the death of Colonel John West in 1692. Col. William Dandridge, who served on the Governors Council from 1727 until 1743 and whose descendant would become the father of George Washingtons wife, Martha Dandridge Custis, named the plantation after his home parish, Elsing, in Norfolk, England. He built a house, as well as a kitchen outbuilding between 1715 and 1720. Tradition claims that Martha Custis Washington actually rode her horse through the house.</p><br>
<p>Carter Braxton, a Founding Father and signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, bought the plantation in 1753. According to a plaque on the building, he built the Queen Anne manor house in 1758. Dissatisfied with the results, or because of financial problems, he sold the plantation. Several additional inheritances and purchases followed. In 1820 William Gregory purchased the property, and descendants continued to live on the property for at least another century, including C.S.A. veteran and later judge Roger Gregory (d. 1920), who helped found the law school of Richmond College (now the University of Richmond School of Law). In the 1930s Beverly D. Causey purchased the degraded property and restored it.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, Edgar R. Lafferty, Jr., and his wife, Margaret, continued the restoration and expanded the plantation by adding previously purchased land adjacent to Elsing Green. The Lafferty family formed the Lafferty Foundation to help preserve and protect Elsing Green after Edgar Lafferty, Jr.’s death. To further ensure its preservation, Lafferty granted historic preservation easements to the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission and the Virginia Outdoors Foundation, and his foundation acquired the plantation after Edgar Lafferty, Jr.’s death.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and furnishings</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the Queen Anne manor house is Flemish bond brickwork, with its erection dating back to between 1715 and 1720. It is two-stories and U-shaped, with east and west wings jutting to the north. Doors on either side of the wing lead to a detached east dependency home (the original hunting lodge) and a west kitchen house. The Pamunkey River lies just 250 yd from the home.</p><br>
<p>The home features 18th-century American and English furniture, including the "Surrender Table" on which the American and French negotiated terms of surrender with the English over the Battle of Yorktown of the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The Pickens County Courthouse in the county seat of Carrollton, Alabama is the courthouse for Pickens County, Alabama. Built-in 1877-1878 as the third courthouse in the city, it is noted for a ghostly image that can be seen in one of its garret windows. This is claimed to be the face of freedman Henry Wells from 1878.</p><br>
<p>According to a common version of the myth, Wells was arrested in January 1878 on suspicion of burglary and arson, and lynched by a white mob soon after his arrest. He was alleged to have burned down the second courthouse in 1876 (built to replace one destroyed in 1865 by Union forces during the Civil War). Accounts in the story do not conform to historic facts; for instance, the windows were not installed until February through March 1878, so they could not contain his image.</p><br>
<p>This period was one of the continuing social and racial tensions. In 1877, the federal government ended Reconstruction and withdrew its troops from the South. White Democrats had regained control of state legislatures and passed measures to impose white supremacy. Wells was arrested in January 1878 and charged with the courthouse burning two years before. A local newspaper reported that Wells died of wounds after being shot while fleeing arrest for robbery in January 1878; he reportedly confessed to burning the courthouse before dying.</p><br>
<p>A total of 15 African Americans were lynched in Pickens County, many in the courthouse square, from 1877 to 1917. This was the fifth-highest total of any county in the state. A mass lynching was committed by a white crowd who fatally shot four black men and a black woman in their cells in September 1893. They were suspects in the burning of a cotton gin owned by a white man.</p><br>
<h2>Origins of the Wells story</h2><br>
<p>The story of Wells&#39; face in the courthouse window seems to have been a conflation through the myth of two historic events, that of the lynching of a white man named Nathaniel Pierce, and that of the arrest and shooting of an African American man named Henry Wells. He later confessed to burning down the courthouse, likely under coercion, and died of his wounds. White guilt may have contributed to the account of Wells cursing the town and threatening they would be haunted by him.</p><br>
<p>This period was one of turmoil, as the federal government was withdrawing the last of its troops from the South, formally ending Reconstruction. White Democrats had already regained control of the state legislature and on the local level, white minorities used racial violence to impose and maintain white supremacy. As the 19th century progressed, the rate of lynchings rose, mostly directed at black men.</p><br>
<p>According to the West Alabamian, which was Carrolltons only newspaper at the time of the events, Nathaniel Pierce was being held on charges of murder when, on September 26, 1877, an armed mob forced their way into the jail where he was being held, took him outside the city, and lynched him. Pierces lynching was not reported as having anything to do with the burning of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The whites in town already suspected Henry Wells and an accomplice, Bill Buckhalter, of the arson. A story in the West Alabamian on December 13, 1876, said that Wells and Buckhalter were also suspected of robbing a store on the night in 1876 when the courtroom was burned. The newspaper reported that stolen merchandise from the store was found in their homes. But that supports their part in the robbery, not arson.</p><br>
<p>Buckhalter was arrested in January 1878. He confessed to the burglary and blamed Wells for the burning of the courthouse. Wells was caught a few days later. When confronted by the police, he tried to flee and was shot twice. He confessed to burning the courthouse, likely under coercion, including beatings. He died from his wounds five days later.</p><br>
<p>These two events appeared to have been combined into the commonly told myth of how a face appeared in the courthouse window, but neither Pierce nor Wells could have been the "face in the window." Both Pierce and Wells died before the windows were installed in the new courthouse. The West Alabamian reported that windows were being installed in the courthouse on February 20, 1878. These windows were the windows in the main courtroom, which were the first windows installed to prepare for a court session scheduled in the middle of March. The garret windows, including the one with the ghostly face, were not installed until weeks after Wells&#39; death.</p><br>
<h2>Face in the courthouse window</h2><br>
<p>What follows is the commonly told myth of how the face was etched into the window.</p><br>
<p>On November 16, 1876, the people of Carrollton, Alabama watched as their courthouse burned to the ground. The Pickens County Courthouse had been a source of pride for them. Their first courthouse had been burned down by invading Union Army troops during the American Civil War. In the difficult days of the Reconstruction, when materials were scarce and money was even scarcer, rebuilding the courthouse seemed to be an impossible task. Yet, through hard work and deep personal sacrifices by residents, the courthouse was rebuilt. It stood as a symbol of defiance in the face of defeat by the Union.</p><br>
<p>Fewer than twelve years after Union troops had set fire to the town&#39;s first courthouse, the new one burned in 1876. Some said it was a burglary gone wrong. Even as work began on a third courthouse, the townspeople demanded vengeance for the arson. Despite the lack of circumstantial evidence, they identified Henry Wells as a suspect; he was a freedman who lived near the town.</p><br>
<p>Henry Wells was said to have a horrible temper, and he had been involved in several brawls. People said he constantly carried a straight razor and was not afraid to use it. Despite these rumors, however, there was only vague circumstantial evidence against him in the burning of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>But it was Alabama in 1878, and Henry Wells was a black man accused of burning down a symbol of town pride. He was charged and arrested on four counts: arson, burglary, carrying a concealed weapon and assault with intent to murder. He was taken to the sheriff&#39;s office, located inside the newly completed courthouse, to await trial.</p><br>
<p>As word spread through the town of Wells arrest, the sheriff could sense trouble brewing. As the first few drunken men began heading toward the courthouse, the sheriff took Wells to its high garret and told him to keep quiet. But as the angry mob gathered below, Wells fear got the best of him. He went to the window and looked down on the crowd. He yelled defiantly, "I am innocent. If you kill me, I am going to haunt you for the rest of your lives!" Just then, a bolt of lightning struck nearby, flashing the image of Wells&#39; face, contorted with fear, to the crowd below.</p><br>
<p>The lynch mob forced its way into the courthouse, and took their victim outside, even as he continued to proclaim his innocence. They killed him.</p><br>
<p>Early the next morning, as a member of the lynch mob passed by the courthouse, he happened to glance up at the garret window. He was shocked to see Wells face looking down at him, just as it had the night before when it had been illuminated by the flash of lightning. He rubbed his eyes and cursed his hangover, but when he looked back up, there was Wells. He screamed, and as others arrived, they all remembered Wells prediction. "If you kill me, I am going to haunt you for the rest of your lives!"</p><br>
<p>The face remains in the courthouse window to this very day. No amount of washing has been able to remove it. On at least one occasion, it is said that every window pane in the courthouse was broken by a severe hailstorm; every pane, that is, except that with Wells&#39; face.</p><br>
<p>Another local version of this story is that while Wells was awaiting trial for being falsely accused of raping a white woman (a common accusation in lynchings), a lightning storm brewed, and an angry mob gathered below to lynch him, and he told them, "If you lynch me, you will forever see my face." At this time lightning struck the very window in which he was standing. From that day forward, no amount of washing, or replacing that window, has been able to remove his face.</p><br>
<h2>The image on the window</h2><br>
<p>The image on the window is easily seen, although it appears to be more a face from some angles than from others. It is said that the image is only visible from outside the courthouse; from inside the pane appears to be a normal pane of glass.</p><br>
<p>Since the photo was taken, the city of Carrollton has installed a reflective highway sign with an arrow pointing to the pane where the image appears. There are permanent binoculars installed across the street from the window for those who wish to get a closer look.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the courthouse was threatened with demolition, to be replaced with a contemporary facility. The window with the face image was covered with a piece of plywood spray-painted with a smiley face. Due to a public campaign to save the image, the courthouse is being renovated as funds become available.</p><br>
<h2>Racial aspects of the story</h2><br>
<p>The legend is related to the racism and white racial terrorism in Alabama during and especially after the Reconstruction Era, including numerous lynchings through the early 20th century. According to a 2015 study, Pickens County had 15 lynchings after Reconstruction; the last was committed before 1917; this is the fifth-highest total of any county in the state.</p><br>
<p>Among these terrorist events was a mass lynching of five African Americans on September 14, 1893. A white mob stormed the county jail in Carrollton and shot to death in their cells Paul Archer, Will Archer, Emma Fair, Ed Guyton, and Paul Hill, freedmen (and one freedwoman) who had been arrested on charges of burning down the mill and gin house of a white man. No trial had been held. Two weeks before that Joe Floyd had also been lynched in Carrollton, without trial.</p><br>
<p>John Harding Curry, who worked as a probate judge in the courthouse, recalls being concerned during the 20th-century civil rights demonstrations in Alabama of the late 1960s and early 1970s that someone might damage the courthouse window, as it could be seen to symbolize an era of terrible racism. However, although the town had some instances of race-related vandalism, the window was never touched.</p><br>
<p>As Alan N. Brown has recounted it, another probate judge agreed to tell folktales to the 5th-grade class from a black school in Birmingham. Although he had never recounted the Wells story to a black audience, he told the students the story about the face in the courthouse window, ending his tale with a moral; "You might ask what that face in the courthouse is saying," he told the students. "It says to me, Dont ever let this happen again!" He asked the students if they had any questions. One little boy raised his hand and asked, "How do you know thats a black man up there?"</p><br>
<h2>Representation in other media</h2><br>
<p>Some version of this story was formed in the years after installation of the courthouse windows, and repeated in oral histories. In the later 20th century, the mythic account was included in compilations of ghost stories and folk tales published by whites. In this period of more than 80 years after events, separate events had repeatedly been combined into one myth: Henry Wells story was included in Kathryn Tucker Windhams book of Alabama ghost stories, 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey (1969); Ghost Stories from the American South (1985), edited by W.K. McNeil; and Phantom Army of the Civil War and Other Southern Ghost Stories (1997), edited by Frank Spaeth and selected from FATE magazine.</p><br>
<p>In Patricia McKissack&#39;s The Dark-Thirty: Southern Tales of the Supernatural, the story "Justice" features similar indelible images appearing on windows and features a lynching in its plot (although the motive and the details of the crime are very different from the Wells myth).</p><br>
<p>In 2009 First National Bank of Central Alabama commissioned a play about the myth related to Henry Wells, the burning of the second courthouse, and the window image in the new courthouse from playwright Barry Bradford. Beginning in April 2010, his play The Face in the Courthouse Window has been produced each spring in the courtroom of the Courthouse. All proceeds from the play go toward the preservation of the Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home is the house located at 816 S. Hennepin Ave., Dixon, Illinois, in which the 40th President of the United States Ronald Reagan lived as a youth beginning in 1920. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The home is open to visitors from April to October.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>General</h3><br>
<p>The Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home was constructed in Dixon, Illinois, in 1891; its design is fairly typical of American houses during the time period.</p><br>
<h3>National Historic Site designation</h3><br>
<p>The home is open to the public and operated by Young America&#39;s Foundation.</p><br>
<p>On February 6, 2002, (Public Law 107-137), the United States Secretary of the Interior was authorized to purchase the property from the foundation and establish a USA National Historic Site under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service (NPS). The law specifies that the site will not be designated as the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site until after the Department of the Interior acquires the property.</p><br>
<p>The Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home Foundation made a point of pride in receiving no funding from the state or federal government, in keeping with Reagans motto that "government is not the solution to our problem. Government is the problem." However, visits dwindled to 5,000 per year by 2019, and the house increasingly fell into disrepair. In 2018, the foundations perilous finances forced it to offer to sell the home to the National Park Service, which manages 16 other presidential homes. However, in December 2020, Young Americas Foundation intervened to purchase and protect the property, just as YAF has preserved and protected Reagans Rancho del Cielo in Santa Barbara, California.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and design</h2><br>
<p>The 1891 house is cast in the popular Queen Anne style. The two-storey house rests on a stone foundation and is topped with a gable roof which was originally covered with cedar shingles.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<h3>National Register significance</h3><br>
<p>The Reagan Boyhood Home is most significant as the home of 40th USA President Ronald Reagan and his family from late 1920 until 1923. on March 26, 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Reagan at the house</h3><br>
<p>According to the National Register of Historic Places documentation, Ronald Reagan stated that the house was associated with important events of his childhood. One author, James E. Combs, called Dixon&#39;s claim that the "Boyhood Home" is the actual boyhood home of Ronald Reagan a bit bogus considering the Reagans moved often and only lived in the house for about two years.</p><br>
<p>While they lived in the home the Reagan brothers shared a second-floor bedroom, despite the house having three bedrooms. Ronald&#39;s mother used the third as a work room.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church in Richmond, Virginia, United States. Established in 1780, the church is located on the corner of Monument Avenue and Arthur Ashe Boulevard. the senior minister is the Rev. Dr. Jim Somerville, former pastor of the First Baptist Church of Washington, D.C. Its historic building at 12th and East Broad streets is the home of Virginia Commonwealth University&#39;s Hunton Student Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church was originally organized in June 1780 by 14 members under the leadership of its first pastor Joshua Morris as the Richmond Baptist Church. It was the first church to be organized in Richmond, and in a Virginia city. In the beginning the congregation worshiped and met in a private home. Their first baptist meeting house was constructed on lot 659 at the northeastern corner of Cary St., at 3rd St. In 1802 a new church building was constructed at E Broad St. at College St. The church moved from that location in 1841 to E Broad St. at 12th St. Their new building was designed by architect Thomas U. Walter. It is a stuccoed temple-form Greek Revival style building with the two fluted Doric order columns of its portico in antis. During the American Civil War the church building served as an emergency hospital for Confederate Army soldiers. In 1938, the congregation sold the church to the Medical College of Virginia. Also in 1841, a group of members formed the First African Baptist Church. The original First Baptist Church had a mixed congregation. In 1841 they separated. The First African Baptist Church occupied and purchased the original church building at E Broad St. and 14th St. (now College St.). This building was torn down in 1876 and replaced with the one that stands in that location today.</p><br>
<p>Basil Manly Jr. was the pastor from 1850 to 1854.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>The Medical College of Virginia acquired the building in 1938, and it became the institution&#39;s first student center. In 1989, the building, then part of Virginia Commonwealth University, was named Hunton Hall for Eppa Hunton Jr. and Eppa Hunton IV. It was renovated from 2005 to 2007.</p><br>
<p>The President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site is located in Hope, Arkansas. Built in 1917 by H. S. Garrett, in this house the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton, spent the first four years of his life, having been born on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas. The house was owned by Clinton&#39;s maternal grandparents, Edith Grisham and James Eldridge Cassidy, and they cared for him when his mother, Virginia, was away working as an anesthetist in New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>On May 19, 1994, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places (as "Bill Clinton Birthplace"). Tours were offered by the Clinton Birthplace Foundation. In accordance with the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (§7002), the Secretary of the Interior accepted the property on December 14, 2010, establishing it as a national historic site and a unit of the National Park System. This change in status was originally proposed by Senator Mark Pryor of Arkansas. Bill Clinton and Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar formally dedicated the site on April 16, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The museum is a stop on the "Billgrimage", which includes the Clinton House in Fayetteville and the Bill Clinton Presidential Library, among other sites.</p><br>
<p>Warnors Theatre is a historic theater located in downtown Fresno, California. The 2,100-seat venue opened in 1928 as the Pantages Theater, after the name of its then owner, Alexander Pantages, and later, the Warner Theater in 1929 after it was purchased by Warner Brothers. The name was changed again in the 1960s to "Warnors" to avoid trademark issues.</p><br>
<p>The theater was designed by B. Marcus Priteca, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Organ</h2><br>
<p>The theater features a unit orchestra (a pipe organ which includes numerous features and instruments, meant to be able to replicate sounds of a full orchestra with only one organist), which was manufactured by the Robert Morton Organ Company of Van Nuys, California and installed in 1928. The organ was to be used to accompany silent films. Around the same time the organ was to be installed, movies were beginning to include sound. The theater tried to cancel the order but the organ was installed anyway. The organ has 14 ranks built with 1,035 pipes and a four-manual console with 720 keys, pedals and combination pistons. The organ was used primarily for motion pictures until 1973. Because of the cost of paying orchestra members, most accompanying orchestras were replaced with unit orchestras.</p><br>
<p>The Berlin Philharmonic gave a concert in the theater on November 15, 1956, under its new music director Herbert von Karajan.</p><br>
<p>Fort Pike State Historic Site is a decommissioned 19th-century United States fort, named after Brigadier General Zebulon Pike. It was built following the War of 1812 to guard the Rigolets pass in Louisiana, a strait from the Gulf of Mexico, via Lake Borgne, to Lake Pontchartrain bordering New Orleans. It was located near the community of Petite Coquille, now within the city limits of New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>The fort&#39;s ruins have long been a tourist attraction with periods of abandonment. The fort was damaged by the Hurricane Katrina storm surge in 2005, and closed for a period. It also had to be closed following Hurricanes Gustav and Isaac in 2008 and 2012, respectively.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A fort had been constructed in 1793 at Petit Coquilles, and was the intended destination of Joness gunboat squadron prior to the Battle of Lake Borgne. General Jacksons engineer, Major Latour, lamented upon the state of the fort in 1814. Postwar, it was decided to improve the coastal defences with the creation of Fort Pike commencing in 1819 to replace the earlier fort. It was the first of three forts to be constructed in Louisiana under the postwar "Third System", along with Fort Jackson, Louisiana, and Fort Livingston, Louisiana. During the Seminole Wars in Florida through the 1820s, the US temporarily held Seminole Indians here who had been taken prisoner. They were eventually transported to the Seminole Reservation in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma.)</p><br>
<p>The Louisiana Continental Guard took control of the fort in 1861, just weeks before Louisiana joined the Confederacy and the American Civil War began.</p><br>
<p>When Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862, the Confederate forces evacuated Fort Pike. The Union reestablished control of the installation, using it as a base for raids. The fort also became a site for training of United States Colored Troops, established in 1864. These soldiers in the South included mostly former slaves.</p><br>
<p>The fort was abandoned by the United States Army in 1890. No cannon was ever fired in battle at Fort Pike. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It was maintained as part of a state park, known as the Fort Pike State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>Before Hurricane Katrina, the fort&#39;s brick-and-mortar structure was decaying. The 2005 storm surge exacerbated the problems. It temporarily completely submerged the entire fort, and destroyed adjacent state park buildings. The site officially reopened on May 2, 2008. However, due to damage caused by Hurricane Gustav in early September 2008, the park was closed indefinitely. As of June 2009, the fort was open. It is undergoing extensive repairs and restoration work. After Hurricane Isaac in 2012, the fort was closed indefinitely pending repairs and debris cleanup.</p><br>
<p>The fort was re-opened to visitors following Hurricane Isaac, but closed again in February 2015 due to state budget cuts.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in media</h2><br>
<p>The fort was used in the final sequence of the 1974 film Nightmare Honeymoon.</p><br>
<p>The fort was used in the 2013 film G.I. Joe: Retaliation, and represented Fort Sumter of Charleston, South Carolina, where the opening shots of the Civil War were fired.</p><br>
<p>The fort was used in a scene of the 2016 NCIS: New Orleans episode "Second Chances" (season 2, episode 16).</p><br>
<p>The fort was also used in the movie Jonah Hex</p><br>
<p>Lane&#39;s Mill was a gristmill, sawmill and fulling mill on Four Mile Creek in Section 31 of Milford Township, Butler County, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The abandoned mill is on Lanes Mill Road, north of Wallace Road. It is within two miles of the present corporate limit of Oxford, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original mill was built about 1816 by Isiah Bryant and John Wallace, who also operated the mill for several years. It was rebuilt in 1850 by William Elliott (or Elliot) as a three-story mill, and its owners included James Smiley and later his son-in-law, William L. Lane of Oxford, whose name remains attached to the mill and the road.</p><br>
<p>The Lane&#39;s Mill Historic Buildings, 3884 Wallace Road, were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The Manrod family owned and operated the farm complex after the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The Eternal Indian, sometimes called the Black Hawk Statue, is a 48-foot  sculpture by Lorado Taft located in Lowden State Park, near the city of Oregon, Illinois. Dedicated in 1911, the statue is perched over the Rock River on a 77-foot  bluff overlooking the city.</p><br>
<p>The statue, according to the artist, represents the unconquerable spirit of Native Americans, using motifs from several tribal cultures. While not a portrait statue, it was in part inspired by the life of Black Hawk (1767–1838), a leader and warrior of the Sauk. In 2009, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The statue was created by sculptor Lorado Taft, beginning in 1908. Taft at first created smaller studies of what would become the statue. The statue itself was dedicated in 1911. Taft noted at the dedication that the statue seemed to have grown out of the ground. It stands on the ground that was once home to the Eagle&#39;s Nest Art Colony, which Taft founded in 1898. Though not publicized at the time of construction, original funds were exhausted before the completion of the work and future Illinois Governor Frank Lowden had stepped in to ensure that the statue was completed and erected.</p><br>
<p>The statue was planned by Taft and several of his students and associates at the Art Colony, which is now part of the Taft Campus of Northern Illinois University and is adjacent to Lowden State Park. An original model of the statue is on permanent display at Discovery Center Museum in Rockford, Illinois. Another model is located at the Oregon Public Library in Oregon, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The statue stands on a bluff approximately 140 ft feet above the Rock River. The 48 ft tall statue, weighing 536,770 lb, is said to be the second largest monolithic concrete statue in the world (after Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro). It wears a long blanket and stares across the river with folded arms.</p><br>
<p>With the help of John G. Prasuhn, the young sculptor of the Chicago Art Institute, Lorado Taft created a figure almost 50 feet tall, including a six-foot base. Reinforced with iron rods, the hollow statue is eight inches to three feet thick. The interior is accessible through a door at the base, although visitors are currently not allowed inside the statue. The outer surface composed of cement, pink granite chips and screenings is three inches thick.</p><br>
<h2>Interpretation</h2><br>
<p>At the dedication of the statue on July 1, 1911, Taft said that in the evenings he and members of the Eagles Nest Art Colony often walked along the bluff and would stop at the statues location to enjoy the view. Contemplation became habitual, arms folded, restful and reverent. Black Hawk came from that contemplative mood and attitude. The 48 ft tall monolith, towering over the river, suggests an unconquered spirit through its composition blending Fox, Sauk, Sioux and Mohawk cultures. Taft said the statue was inspired by the Sauk leader Black Hawk, although it is not a likeness of the chief.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>On November 5, 2009, the Black Hawk Statue was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Most recently, the statue restoration was completed and unwrapped in January 2020, costing just under $250,000 to restore.</p><br>
<p>The statue was in need of restoration as some of the concrete had worn away. Plans had been made by Friends of the Black Hawk Statue Committee to begin restoration work in Spring 2014. Although delayed, resumed physical integrity tests and restoration restarted in Summer 2015.</p><br>
<p>Efforts to restore the statue had been halted due to a dispute between the project manager and the conservator working on the statue.</p><br>
<p>From June 2016 until June 1, 2018, the Black Hawk statue was wrapped with black tarp and ropes while it languished without further restoration. The Illinois Department of Natural Resources, owner of the statue, had no legislated funding for the project and could not proceed. In October 2017, concerned citizens organized as the Black Hawk Restoration committee. Several on the committee were on the original Friends of Black Hawk Group. It was their intention to invite IDNR to speak to the community of Oregon, Illinois, but they declined. Eventually, a meeting was held between the committee and the IDNR staff. It was agreed on March 28, 2018, that IDNR would remove the wrapping and the Black Hawk Restoration Committee would begin fundraising. On June 1, 2018, the wrapping was removed from the statue. On May 10, 2018, the Legislature of the State of Illinois passed a capital budget which funded a grant of $350,000 to IDNR. It was estimated that further repairs could cost up to $660,000. and that the grant to IDNR required matching funds from the public sector. The Black Hawk Restoration Committee agreed to take on the task. As of November 2018, nearly $600,000 had been raised, with plans for completing the restoration by August 2019. The statue was again covered with a protective wrapping. As of December 2019 the restoration was nearly complete.</p><br>
<p>Westminster Presbyterian Church is a Presbyterian Church located in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. Its current location is the third location in downtown in over 140 years. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Westminster began as a gathering of eight people of Scottish, Irish and Welsh heritage in 1857. In 1860, the congregation built its first church, on Fourth Street between Nicollet and Hennepin Avenues in downtown Minneapolis. Because of the rapid growth of the congregation, the church soon outgrew its first location. In 1883, construction of a new, larger church began at Seventh Street and Nicollet Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Twelve years after the opening of the second church site, the building was heavily damaged by a fire. This prompted yet another move when the church rebuilt to its current location at Twelfth Street and Nicollet Mall, opening its doors for services in 1897.</p><br>
<p>The present church was designed as a collaboration between two prominent Minneapolis architects, Warren Howard Hayes and Charles Sumner Sedgwick.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, to coincide with the buildings centennial, the congregation undertook an extensive renovation of the sanctuary. This 3.5 million dollar project restored many of the sanctuarys original design elements, updated the structure and improved lighting and sound. The newly renovated sanctuary opened for services on Sunday, December 20, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Historical landmark</h2><br>
<p>In recognition of its historic and social significance, Westminster was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. In May 1999 Westminster received the 1999 Heritage Preservation Award from the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission and the Minnesota Chapter of the American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<h2>Mission statement</h2><br>
<p>In response to the grace of God through Jesus Christ, the mission of Westminster Presbyterian Church is:</p><br>
<p>to proclaim and celebrate the Good News of Jesus Christ</p><br>
<p>to gather as an open community to worship God with dignity and joy, warmth and beauty</p><br>
<p>to nourish personal faith through study, prayer and fellowship</p><br>
<p>to work for love, peace and justice</p><br>
<p>to be a welcoming and caring Christian community, witnessing to God&#39;s love day by day</p><br>
<p>to work locally and beyond with our denomination and the larger Christian Church</p><br>
<p>and, to be a telling presence in the city</p><br>
<p>The Warner Theatre is an Art-Deco style movie palace located at 68-82 Main Street in Torrington, Connecticut. It opened on August 19, 1931 as part of the Warner Bros. chain of movie theaters. Today it operates as a mixed-use performing arts center. It is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and also a contributing property in the Downtown Torrington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The theater has been deemed the "finest surviving Modernistic theatre in Connecticut."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Warner Theatre was built as a first-run movie palace by Warner Bros. Studios. This elaborate art-deco building was designed by nationally renowned architect Thomas W. Lamb. The opening was a statewide event attended by then-Governor Wilbur Cross and many other dignitaries. Seating 1,772 patrons, the Warner was a stunning example of state-of-the-art technology and lush, elegant surroundings.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s Warner Brothers sold the Warner Theatre to a private owner who continued to show movies until the late 1970s. By the early 1980s the theatre was closed and slated for demolition when a group of local citizens banded together and formed what is now known as the Northwest Connecticut Association for the Arts. This non-profit group worked passionately to save the landmark from destruction. After a successful grass-roots campaign, the association purchased the theatre and re-opened it on May 22, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The theatre is in operation year-round with more than 80,000 patrons passing through its doors each year. It provides a dynamic art-in-education program that has reached thousands of young people from throughout the region. It features a community theatre program that is supported by more than 400 volunteers—from actors to carpenters to ushers. It has presented some of the worlds finest performers, from the Vienna Boys Choir to Anne Murray, and from George Carlin to the Washington Ballet. The Warners dedicated Board of Directors represents a unique cross-section of business, education, government, and the arts, providing strong and visionary leadership for this important institution.</p><br>
<p>On October 14, 2012, independent film director Paul Rothbart shot the opening scene for his short romantic comedy, "Isn&#39;t It Romantic?" in the lobby of the Warner.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Funded by an exhaustive fund-raising effort, that included generous support from the State and Federal governments, the community, and regional corporations, the Warner Theatre closed its doors in early August 2002 to complete Phase One of its restoration of the vintage Art Deco auditorium. Construction crews cleared the venue of its 1956 seating, worn wall hangings, and interim floor covering. For the next two months, the auditorium was filled with 45 ft. high scaffolding to enable the restoration of the intricately stencilled ceiling, refurbishment of the huge, silver and gold star-shaped light, and cleaning and gilding for the complex, interweaving pattern that tops the theatre&#39;s walls.</p><br>
<p>The "monkey fur"—actually crushed velvet—wall covering that was brown for more than a generation, has been restored back to its original vivid blood orange hue through a supplier in Germany. Gold brocade draperies from France now accent the walls, replace the act curtain, and dress the lobby stairway landing. The auditorium floor was also refurbished to better accommodate handicap access, and the lobby, aisle, and atrium carpeting were all restored with a recreation of the original Art Deco pattern that lined the floors when the theatre opened in 1931. The lighting, sound, and fire alarm systems were also updated, restoring the venue back to state-of-the-art status.</p><br>
<h2>Damage</h2><br>
<p>In 1999 a fire broke out in the theatre. A ghost light nicknamed "Larry The Light" was left too close to the act curtain by the theatre&#39;s cleaning crew. The light ignited the curtain, and the flames spread quickly. Damages amounting to $300,000 included the loss of the act curtain, damage to the stage floor, and smoke damage to the auditorium walls and ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The Richard Wall house is a historic home in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, built in 1682. It was owned by the Wall family for 165 years. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as Wall House and is also sometimes referred to as The Ivy.</p><br>
<p>The home has undergone several renovations, and a section of the basement wall is the only original remaining construction. It was the site of religious meetings and weddings, and among the earliest locations of Quaker worship in the United States. It is now a museum open to the public, and is located at Church Road and Wall Park Drive in Elkins Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Richard Wall was a founder of Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania. He arrived with William Penn&#39;s group of Quakers in 1682. He and fourteen others pooled their land purchases to create the township. They named the township for the main town in Gloucestershire, England, where they apparently originated.</p><br>
<p>The Wall family was joined in marriage by the Shoemaker family. The families owned a corn grist mill on Tacony Creek. Descendants of the Walls lived in the house until 1847, followed by the Bosler family.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the township acquired the house and surrounding lands, which was named Wall Park. The house was rented from 1932 to 1979. In 1941, Harold C. Pike, the township manager, moved into the home and resided there until his death in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Since 1980, the house has been managed by the Cheltenham Township Historical Commission, which opened the museum and orientation center in 1993.</p><br>
<p>An original section of masonry wall can be seen in the current basement. The house was redesigned in 1730, 1760, and 1805. Later renovations added running water and electricity.</p><br>
<p>The permanent exhibits display elements of life over more than 200 years of residence. Highlights include a fully furnished and electrified 5 ft doll house created before 1920 and a collection of over 100 antique tools.</p><br>
<p>Blandwood Mansion is a historic house museum at 447 West Washington Street in Greensboro, North Carolina. Originally built as a four-room Federal style farmhouse in 1795, it was home to two-term North Carolina governor John Motley Morehead  under whose ownership it was transformed into its present appearance. It is believed to be the oldest extant example of the Italian Villa Style of architecture in the United States, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1988. In creating the design for Blandwood, architect Alexander Jackson Davis produced a popular prototype for American house designs in the Italianate style: a central tower projecting from the main facade. Saved from demolition in 1964 by preservation-minded Greensboro citizens, the house was opened as a museum in 1976 and remains open to the public today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>Initially constructed as a two-story, four-room frame farmhouse in 1795, Blandwood likely took the name of its first occupant and builder, Charles Bland. Bland and his wife Catherine farmed the surrounding 100 acres until 1800, when the property was sold to Joseph Thornburg for his son Joseph Thornburg, Jr. The property was purchased by industrialist Henry Humphries in 1822 for $50. Humphries founded the Mt. Hecla Cotton Mill in 1818, which was reconstituted in 1826 as the first steam-powered cotton mill in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Governor Morehead lived in the house from 1827 until his death in 1866. As a political leader, Morehead hosted numerous intellectuals of the day including social activist Dorothea Dix and architect Alexander Jackson Davis. During the Civil War, the house served as quarters for Confederate General P. G. T. Beauregard, and after the fall of the Confederacy the house was temporary headquarters for Union Generals Jacob Dolson Cox and John Schofield. North Carolina Governor Zebulon B. Vance surrendered himself to Cox and Schofield in the main parlor of Blandwood on May 2, 1865.</p><br>
<p>Blandwood had two additions. The first in 1822 expanded the frame farmhouse from four to six rooms and continued the Federal architecture period details of the initial house. The second addition was extensive and designed in 1844 by New York City architect Alexander Jackson Davis. This addition more than doubled the square footage of the house within a "Tuscan Villa" style wing. The Davis addition makes Blandwood the oldest standing example of Tuscan Villa (a subtype of Italianate architecture) in the United States. Construction of the masonry expansion was executed by William and Joseph Conrad, building contractors from nearby Lexington, North Carolina The grounds of Blandwood were influenced by landscape architect Andrew Jackson Downing, who used an illustration of Blandwood in his publications to depict appropriate landscaping.</p><br>
<p>After Governor Moreheads death, the house was occupied by his youngest son Eugene until 1874. Eugenes sister and brother-in-law, Emma and Julius Gray, were the next occupants of the house. The couple resided in Blandwood with their six children. Julius Gray was a civic-minded businessman, banker, and founder of the Greensboro Chamber of Commerce. All members of the family died in the last decade of the nineteenth century except for the children of the eldest Gray daughter. The last members of the Morehead family to live in Blandwood left the house in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Blandwood and its surrounding property were sold to Colonel and Mrs. William H. Osborne in 1907 for use as a local franchise of the Keeley Institute. The original dependencies were destroyed and additions erected around the property. The property use as alcoholic treatment facility continued until it closed in 1961 at which time historians were beginning to understand the importance of nineteenth century architecture and the significance of works by Alexander Jackson Davis. Preservation efforts were initiated by Guilford College, but were picked up after Preservation Greensboro Incorporated was established in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Slavery at Blandwood</h2><br>
<p>The Morehead family did not administer Blandwood as a working plantation for cash crops. The house, located adjacent to the village of Greensborough during the antebellum period, took advantage of the convenience of nearby commercial merchants for supplies. As a town house, census data suggests a limited enslaved population living at Blandwood that was related to the operation of a large and affluent residence. Very little documentation exists on the enslaved people at Blandwood, including their names and ages. Scholars continue to research archaeological resources and seek primary historical references in order to build a better understanding of the period. Additional insights include John Motley Morehead&#39;s complex personal relationship to slavery, ranging from early political initiatives in support of Freedmen to his service to the Confederacy.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house is recognized by architectural historians as the "Embodiment of the antebellum spirit of improvement," in North Carolina, and the "most important building in Greensboro."</p><br>
<p>Blandwood is the oldest building on original foundations in the city of Greensboro (1795). Originally located within a rural context, it is a remarkable survivor of urban development as the city grew around the house. Its primary national significance is its role as the earliest identified Tuscan Villa in the United States (1844). Architect A. J. Davis designed the building to resemble villas of Tuscany (though he never visited Italy) using wide overhanging eaves, low rooflines, casement windows, stucco-on-brick veneer, and most notably the tall prospect tower which dominated the facade. Davis adaptively reused the existing free-standing kitchen by expanding its size and matching it with a nearly identical building on the other side of the house, creating freestanding hyphen wings with arcades. The building is also a rare example of grand antebellum architecture in the western Piedmont - a territory that was characterized by small farms and a relatively small enslaved population.</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased reserved by Preservation Greensboro Incorporated, a citywide non-profit organization dedicated to historic preservation from Guilford College in 1966 for intended use as a museum. The nonprofit initiated a program of restoration, including paint analysis, archaeological investigation, a furnishings plan, reconstruction of dependencies, and restoration of surrounding gardens. Many items original to the house were returned by members of the Morehead family in the 1960s and 1970s. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Current events</h2><br>
<p>The house and curtilage are owned by Preservation Greensboro Incorporated. Its 4 acre grounds include an octagonal Carriage House restored in 1970 as a special events facility and gardens. Blandwood is open for tours and hosts of numerous musical events, weddings, bar/bat mitvahs, historical events, parties, picnics, tours, and school related activities throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>Rocky Mount, in Piney Flats, Tennessee, also known as the Cobb-Massengill House, was the first territorial capital of the Southwest Territory.</p><br>
<p>The property of William Cobb, the original residence at Rocky Mount served as the territorial capital from 1790 to 1792. Dendroarchaeological investigations at the site by the University of Tennessee revealed that the present dwelling dates to the late 1820s.</p><br>
<p>The property is owned by the State of Tennessee and has been operated by the Rocky Mount Historical Association, a non-profit organization in partnership with the Tennessee Historical Commission, since 1962. The property is a living museum that recreates the year 1791, when American Founding Father William Blount was in residence as governor. It is next to the DeVault-Massengill House.</p><br>
<p>Theurrer-Wrigley House, also known as the Wrigley Mansion, is a historic building located in the Lincoln Park area of Chicago, United States. The Italian Renaissance-style mansion was commissioned by Joseph Theurer, then-owner of the Schoenhofen Brewing Company, and purchased in 1911 by Chicagos Wrigley family. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the house was built in 1896 by Richard Schmidt and, possibly, Hugh M.G. Garden, two architects later prominent in the prairie school movement. A four-story home with three-story coach house, both built on a grand scale and in a late-Italian Renaissance style, the Theuer-Wrigley House is one of Chicagos most stunning homes.</p><br>
<p>The house itself covers over 15,000 square feet, including eight bedrooms, a conservatory and a ballroom. A three-story coach house has additional bedrooms. In 1984 the house had sat empty for several decades and a plan was made to make it the official residence of the mayor of Chicago, though the plan was never realized.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main house comprises 11 bedrooms and more than 6 baths. It includes among other features: a marble entrance before magnificent mosaic work; grand cherry staircase; elevated ballroom with bandstand and walk-in cedar coatroom; wine-bar with cellars; a walk-in safe used during prohibition to store various alcohols; atrium; Baroque ornamentation on the ceilings and walls; rich hardwood floors; and a full driveway circling the main building providing access to the coach house. The house also stored several exceptional stained glass windows by Louis Tiffany. One of the windows is prominently on display in the Chicago History Museum. The house has been ornamented with various exotic woods ranging from mahogany and cherry to gorgeous bird&#39;s eye maple.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is of ornate baroque terra cotta almost unparalleled in Chicago; it is suspected of having been the early work of the Northwestern Terra Cotta Co., and may have helped launch the company to some acclaim as it grew to its national presence. The company was later responsible in 1920 for the terra cotta exterior of the Wrigley Building of Chicago, the ornamenture for which that building is justly famous. Having purchased the Wrigley-Theurer Mansion in 1911 and commissioned the Wrigley Building in 1920, the influence of the beauty of the former on William Wrigley Jr.&#39;s commission of the latter stands as an interesting footnote to history.</p><br>
<h2>In recent years</h2><br>
<p>The Wrigley Family left the residence vacant in the years during and after the Great Depression, a period during which such mansions became targets for kidnapping and robbery, as in the cases of the Lindbergh child, George Weyerhauser, William Hamm, and numerous others.</p><br>
<p>Originally furnished with nearly all Tiffany light fixtures, many of these were sold off at estate sales throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, or moved by the owners to other residences. The house was bought at some time in the late 1980s or early 1990s by Nick Jannes who started its renovation. He renamed it The Jannes Mansion. The downstairs was totally renovated and he rented it out for lavish events.</p><br>
<p>The house remained vacant or under relatively poor custodianship for many years and, though still in excellent condition, requires both care and repair. The house sold for $11,000,000 in 2004 and received attention from and online sites. In early 2017, the home came onto the market via a foreclosure. The home sold in January 2018 for 4.65 million dollars.</p><br>
<p>Bradleys Country Store Complex is located 12 mi north of Tallahassee, Florida, United States on Centerville Road  in the community of Felkel, Florida. Bradleys Country Store complex has 17 buildings, most frame vernacular, on 31 acre of land.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1910, Mrs. Bradley began selling sausage from her kitchen to the local community. The store was constructed in 1927 and served the people of the surrounding area of Felkel and Miccosukee. In 1915 a cane press and syrup furnace was constructed followed a few years later by a syrup house to store the bottled cane syrup. In 1922 a commissary was built, and later on a grist mill, smokehouse, and sausage processing plant were constructed. Bradleys Country Milled Grits were first produced in the 1920s. Today, the small store remains popular. Customers experience food shopping much as it was in the early part of the 20th century. In April 1984, Bradleys Country Store was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>Bradleys carries a variety of dry and canned foods, items for everyday needs, but also produces their own foods such as Bradleys Country Sausage, cracklings, liver pudding, hogshead cheese, and coarse ground country milled grits, corn meal, and cane syrup.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Tallahassee Trade Fair held on President&#39;s Day weekend is an 18th-century encampment reenactment gathered around a pond with period demonstrations and costumes.</p><br>
<p>Bradley&#39;s Country Fun Day is held annually on the Saturday before Thanksgiving.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Grange National Memorial  is a historic house museum within St. Nicholas Park in the Hamilton Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, United States. Operated by the National Park Service , the structure was the only home ever owned by Alexander Hamilton, a USA founding father. The house contains exhibits for visitors, as well as various rooms with restored 19th-century interiors. Originally located near present-day 143rd Street, the house was moved in 1889 to 287 Convent Avenue before being relocated again in 2008 to St. Nicholas Park. The structure is a New York City designated landmark and a United States national memorial, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton acquired land for the estate from Jacob Schieffelin and Samuel Bradhurst starting in 1800, and he commissioned architect John McComb Jr. to design a country home there. The house was completed in 1802, just two years before Hamiltons death in 1804. The house remained in his family for 30 years afterward and was then sold several times, including to the Ward family, who occupied the house between 1845 and 1876. The original estate was parceled off and sold in the 1880s, and the house was first relocated after St. Lukes Episcopal Church bought it in 1889. The church used Hamilton Grange as a chapel and a rectory before selling it to the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society (ASHPS) in 1924. The ASHPS opened the house as a museum in 1930 and handed over operations to the NPS in 1960. For the next four decades, the NPS attempted to move the house so the building could be restored. The Grange was closed for restoration and relocation between 2006 and 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Grange is a two-story frame Federal-style house with a ground level basement. It is a rectangular structure with porticos on the front and rear facades, as well as piazzas to its left and right. The basement dates from 2011 and contains the gift shop and exhibits, while the other two stories are part of the original house. On the first floor are Hamiltons study, a parlor, a dining room, and two additional spaces. The second-floor spaces were used as bedrooms. Most of Hamiltons original belongings were sold after his death to other American institutions, and many of the current objects in the house are replicas created in 2011. The Grange has been the subject of architectural commentary over the years, and it is the namesake of several structures in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The house is located in the Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill sections of the neighborhood of Harlem in Manhattan, New York City. It has occupied three sites in the neighborhood throughout its history, all within the bounds of the USA founding father Alexander Hamiltons original estate. The estate was part of section IX of what was known as Jochem Pieters Hills. John Delavall bought lot IX in 1691 and sold the southern half of the lot to Samuel Kelly (or Kelley), who then sold that site to druggist Jacob Schieffelin in 1799. Schieffelins parcel was bounded by the Hudson River to the west, 140th Street to the south, St. Nicholas Avenue to the east, and 145th Street to the north. The Bloomingdale Road bisected Schieffelins parcel into western and eastern plots; Hamilton&#39;s estate, the Grange, occupied the eastern plot.</p><br>
<p>The first site was near present-day 143rd Street, at the center of Hamiltons estate. It occupied a small plateau that existed on the estate. This site stood approximately 60 ft or 75 ft west of modern-day Convent Avenue. There were also some outbuildings to the east, between what is now Hamilton Terrace and Convent Avenue. These included a barn, chicken house, and shed, as well as a "spring house" atop one of two now-infilled streams on the site, where butter and milk were stored. The houses original site is occupied by the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built starting in 1902 and is itself a New York City designated landmark.</p><br>
<p>The second site was at 287 Convent Avenue, approximately 250 ft or 350 ft south of the original location. The house occupied this location from 1889 to 2008. East of the house was a 5,400 ft2 lawn owned by St. Luke&#39;s Episcopal Church. After the house was moved in 2008, children planted a flower garden at 287 Convent Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The third and current site is at 414 West 141st Street, at the southern end of Hamilton Terrace. The house is within St. Nicholas Park, 500 ft south of the second site. The current site abuts the campus of City College of New York (CCNY), a unit of the City University of New York. and consists of a plateau measuring no more than 50 to 60 ft wide.</p><br>
<h2>Use as residence</h2><br>
<p>Alexander Hamilton was born sometime between 1755 and 1757 on Nevis and went to study at King&#39;s College, now part of Columbia University, in New York City at the age of 16. After Hamilton retired as Treasury Secretary in 1795, his family occupied various houses in Manhattan; by 1798, they were renting a country house in Harlem from their brother-in-law John Barker Church. Until then, Alexander Hamilton had never owned a house.</p><br>
<p>In late 1798, Hamilton wrote to his wife Eliza that he was planning a project in New York City, the details of which he was keeping secret. During the Quasi-War of 1798–1800, Hamilton served as Inspector General of the United States Army, trying to fend off a war against France; as such, he could not devote time to his "project". He wrote a letter to the merchant Ebenezer Stevens in October 1799, offering to buy a parcel adjoining Stevenss land from Jacob Schieffelin. Hamilton had wanted the plot west of the Bloomingdale Road, but Schieffelin would only sell the plot to the east of the road. Hamilton bought the eastern site on August 2, 1800, paying $4,000 for a plot of 15 acre. That September, he bought 3 acre to the north of his existing parcel He and his wifes family, the Schuyler family, had been developing plans for a permanent house for nearly two years at that point.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>After officially acquiring the Schieffelin site, Alexander, Eliza, and their seven children moved into an existing farmhouse on the site. Alexander hired architect John McComb Jr. to remodel that house for an estimated $70.90. McComb had, at the time, just designed Gracie Mansion and was in a competition to design New York City Hall. Eliza&#39;s father Philip Schuyler tried and failed to hire a contractor from Albany, New York, delaying the construction of the permanent house by a year. Ultimately, Ezra Weeks was hired to build the house</p><br>
<p>Weeks and McComb drew up a proposal for the house, dated June 22, 1801, in which they divided the work between them. Weeks probably began excavating the foundation in late 1801, and he first billed Hamilton in December of that year. After Weeks excavated the site and built the foundation and frame, McComb probably commenced his portion of the work in May or June 1802. Timber in the mansion was sourced from the grounds of the General Schuyler House in Saratoga, New York. The house was mostly done by mid-1802, although some work such as painting continued through February 1803. In total, the house and surrounding structures cost $17,972.06, excluding lumber that Philip Schuyler gave to Alexander as a gift. Hamilton&#39;s friends estimated that the house cost as much as $25,000.</p><br>
<h3>Hamilton occupancy</h3><br>
<p>The Hamilton family moved into the house in August 1802. Hamilton acquired another parcel from Bradhurst in January 1803, bringing his total acquisition to 32 acre. Hamilton planted a circle of 13 sweet gum trees, symbolizing the Thirteen Colonies, and he also planted a circular flower bed. he had very little free time and described the house itself as his hobby.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton worked in Lower Manhattan, a three-hour round trip from his estate; he traveled to his law office by stagecoach several times a week. The Schuyler family, to whom the Hamiltons were especially close, were frequent visitors, as were Alexander&#39;s friends Gouverneur Morris and Rufus King. The Hamiltons also hosted other guests such as jurist James Kent and French royal Jérôme Bonaparte. During the winter, the family stayed in a house on Fulton Street in Lower Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton lived at the house for two years, dying after his duel with Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804. His legal estate was in significant debt because of the Granges high cost; his account books showed that he spent $11,840.27 in six months. The Grange estate was secured for about $20,000, an amount that included liens on the actual property, and a consortium was formed to control the legal estate. One writer said that "going into debt to maintain his station gives a hint of" Hamiltons life. Archibald Gracie bought the house at auction in 1805 for $30,000 and set up a trust to take over the estate. The purchase price excluded approximately $7,600 in mortgage loans that Hamilton had received from the site&#39;s previous owners, Schieffelin and Bradhurst.</p><br>
<p>Eliza Hamilton took title to the Grange on July 6, 1805, but Hamilton&#39;s legal estate still owed about $55,000, which was only repaid after additional land had been sold off. The last debts on the house were paid off in 1808. a 1980 study did not find records of Eliza renting the Grange.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent residents</h3><br>
<p>Eliza Hamilton is recorded as having sold the Grange in 1833; at the time, the estate covered over 32 acre. The buyer, a banker named Moses Henriques, also assumed a $9,000 mortgage that had been placed on the property. Henriques promptly sold the house to real estate speculator Theodore E. Davis, who resold it to Isaac G. Pearson in 1835 for $52,511. Pearson put up the house as collateral for a $15,000 mortgage loan given to Samuel Ward. The latter took over ownership of the house in 1845. The family of Ward&#39;s brother, the lawyer William G. Ward, moved into the house. Although William Ward died in 1848, his widow and the families of his sons continued to live there during the summer.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1850s, the area was gradually densifying. The house was accessed only by a driveway that led to the former King&#39;s Bridge Road, and there was a stable to the rear and a lawn in front of the house. Although the views to the north and south were blocked by higher ground and trees, respectively, the house overlooked the Hudson River to the west and the Harlem River, East River, and Long Island Sound to the east. The oldest known picture of the house was taken around 1864, when the Ward family still lived in the house. The Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank took over the house in 1876 after foreclosing on the property. At the time, the Wards owed $53,402.</p><br>
<p>The house was sold for $312,500 in 1879. The buyer, Anthony Mowbray, resold the house for the same amount to William H. DeForest, his client and business partner, The New York Times wrote in 1880 that the house had fallen into disrepair. At the time, "two good-natured Irish families" occupied the premises and allowed visitors to look at the house. The DeForest family removed some mantels and mirrors. One observer, writing in 1886, said the Third Avenue Cable Railroad now ran right outside the house and the stone fence around the estate was crumbling.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivision of the old estate</h3><br>
<p>When DeForest acquired the Grange estate, he intended to divide it into parcels. the Times described the remaining portion of the estate in 1880 as covering 8 or. The site had been condemned since it was in the path of 143rd Street; The Manhattan street grid had been built through the rest of the old estate by 1920,</p><br>
<p>The Third Avenue Cable Railroad opened in the late 1880s on what is now Amsterdam Avenue, which spurred development in the area. The plots that comprised the Hamilton Grange estate were offered for sale in late 1887, and many lots were sold on the condition that they remain in residential use. but O. B. Potter bought the site, preserving the trees. They were placed for sale again in 1898, and the few remaining trunks were felled in 1908.</p><br>
<h2>Use by St. Luke&#39;s Church</h2><br>
<p>St. Lukes Episcopal Church, which was based in Greenwich Village but whose congregation had moved uptown, was looking for a new site in 1888. The churchs rector, Isaac Henry Tuttle, looked at several lots in Upper Manhattan until he came across a site at the corner of Convent Avenue and 141st Street, within the boundary of the original Hamilton Grange. After Tuttle saw the Grange while visiting his recent acquisition, he contacted Cotting, who decided to give the house to the congregation for use as a temporary chapel. The house was one of a few remaining late-17th and early-18th-century mansions in Upper Manhattan at the time.</p><br>
<h3>Relocation and 1890s</h3><br>
<p>In November 1888, St. Luke&#39;s submitted an application to the New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) requesting that the house be relocated; the DOB approved the request the next month. At the time, the house was recorded as occupying an irregular lot of 125 by. The original front and rear porches were removed, and the front porch was moved to the western or left side of the house.</p><br>
<p>At its new site, the house was set back 33 ft from the street. St. Lukes initially used the house for services, The octagonal rooms in the middle of the house were converted into a chapel. St. Lukes erected a Richardsonian Romanesque building to the south between 1892 and 1895, which wrapped around the house slightly.</p><br>
<p>By 1894, the house had developed severe structural issues; for example, it needed a new roof. Although members of St. Luke&#39;s congregation believed it would be more cost-effective to just demolish the house, Tuttle thought that the building could be repaired. After the roof was repaired, Tuttle set aside two of the rooms for the church and related organizations. The day school, operated by Ella K. Morgan, occupied either the first story or the basement.</p><br>
<h3>1900s to early 1920s</h3><br>
<p>A decade after the first relocation of Hamilton Grange, there were attempts to relocate it again to a more pastoral setting. Alexander Hamilton Post pushed for the introduction of another State Senate bill in 1901, The 1901 bill failed, but efforts to preserve the house continued. One newspaper estimated that it would cost $150,000 to convert the original site to a park. The local board of improvement voted in favor of the relocation at the beginning of 1905, but the state legislature voted against acquiring the house. The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) placed a commemorative tablet on the house&#39;s steps in 1907, and the DAR also pressured the city government to acquire the house to officially preserve it.</p><br>
<p>Although the state legislature passed a law in 1908 which permitted the city government to take over the house and relocate it to St. Nicholas Park, the house remained in place. Morgans day school operated in the house until 1909, when her lease was canceled. Further changes to the interior were made in 1914, when the offices in the rear became a kitchen and maids bedroom; the meeting spaces in the octagonal rooms became a parlor and a dining room; and the basement was converted to living space for the sexton&#39;s family. In addition, the facade was again painted, and the site was landscaped.</p><br>
<p>Edward Hagaman Hall, executive secretary of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society (ASHPS), began negotiating with St. Lukes Church in 1912 to take over the house and preserve it. St. Lukes rector G. Ashton Oldham was reluctant to give away Hamilton Grange but considered selling it for at least $30,000. These discussions were truncated due to the onset of World War I. Other organizations, including the Sons of the American Revolution and the Grand Army of the Republic, also sought to buy the house. St. Lukes began to perceive the house as a liability over the years, and the Hamilton Society of Chicago proposed relocating the house to that city in the early 1920s. The ASHPS opposed the houses relocation to Chicago and resumed its advocacy for the house&#39;s preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Use as museum and memorial</h2><br>
<h3>American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society operation</h3><br>
<h4>Establishment of museum</h4><br>
<p>The ASHPS bought the Grange in November 1924 The ASHPS planned to convert the house into a museum, and it appointed a committee of several people, including two of Hamilton&#39;s descendants, to collect memorabilia for the museum.</p><br>
<p>The society wanted to raise money for a renovation but still did not have sufficient funds by 1928; it hoped to raise $125,000. The ASHPS launched a fundraising campaign in early 1929 and renovated the roof the same year. The balustrades were also removed to allow the repainting of the three other facades, which was never completed due to a lack of money. Furniture and decorative objects associated with the Hamilton family were displayed there.</p><br>
<h4>1930s to early 1960s</h4><br>
<p>Initially, the house was open to the public every day and did not charge admission fees. With the ASHPSs permission, the DAR redecorated one of the houses living rooms. A statue of Hamilton by William Ordway Partridge was relocated from the Hamilton Club of Brooklyn after the club closed in 1936, and it was dedicated outside the Grange that October. By the early 1940s, numerous people were donating Colonial memorabilia to the museum, regardless of whether the objects were related to Hamilton. By then, the house was dilapidated; some of the upstairs rooms did not have any furnishings, and the facade needed to be repainted.</p><br>
<p>As early as 1950, the ASHPS was asking New York City park commissioner Robert Moses to relocate the Grange to Claremont Park, where the Claremont Inn was being razed. At the time, the groups members felt that the Grange had degraded to a "shabby" condition. The city government asked the state legislature in 1955 to move the house to the City College of New York (CCNY)s campus, as that site was close to buses and the subway. The New York State Assembly passed a bill that March to permit the house&#39;s relocation to the CCNY campus, and governor W. Averell Harriman approved the bill the next month. The society planned to ask local banks for $400,000 because Hamilton had helped establish the modern USA banking system.</p><br>
<p>The Grange had still not been relocated by early 1958, and the ASHPS was raising $375,000 to move the house to the CCNY campus. Largely white philanthropists also wished to relocate the house southward, away from the majority-black Hamilton Heights neighborhood, and there were also proposals to move the house to Riverside Park or the Cloisters. Ultimately, no action was taken on any of the relocation proposals.</p><br>
<h3>National Park Service operation</h3><br>
<h4>Takeover and preservation</h4><br>
<p>When Congress had designated the national memorial, it had appropriated $460,000 for the houses restoration, of which $282,000 was for the relocation. A study by the ASHPS indicated that the house was structurally sound, and another report showed that the building could be moved if it were split into two pieces. Local residents organized in opposition to the relocation, and St. Lukes rector David Johnson did not want the house to be moved unless it was adjacent to the church. Ultimately, various attempts to relocate the site failed due to local opposition. The New York Daily News wrote that, while other historical sites in the city were deteriorating because of neglect, the Grange was crumbling because "too many people" were interested in its preservation.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Grange was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966, reopening in 1967. At the time, many of the house&#39;s original artifacts were stored in Sagamore Hill. In its designation report, the LPC recommended moving the building to St. Nicholas Park so it could be fully restored.</p><br>
<h4>1970s and 1980s</h4><br>
<p>Local civic groups such as the Hamilton Heights Homeowners Association used the house for meetings during the late 20th century. The report suggested that the house could be used to educate black students and that it could be renovated if Congress appropriated $500,000. The house was designated as part of the Hamilton Heights Historic District in 1974. The Hamilton statue outside the house was cleaned in 1978. The Grange was closed for an extensive renovation in 1979. During its closure, the house was repeatedly broken into, although all the items in the house had been cleared out before the renovation. The firm of Meadows Woll Architects was hired in 1980 to study the feasibility of moving the Grange, and the NPS commissioned a 600-page study of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house reopened in July 1983 after the renovation was finished. By then, the house was completely bare except for two side chairs and a piano in the octagonal rooms. Due to local opposition to the relocation, USA Representative Charles Rangel wanted to change the law authorizing the Hamilton Grange National Memorial, allowing the house to be restored at Convent Avenue. and the New York Post also agreed to donate some money for the house&#39;s renovation.</p><br>
<h4>1990s</h4><br>
<p>By the early 1990s, the house had decayed significantly due to neglect and inclement weather. At the time, it had 40–50 thousand Georgette Nelms, the superintendent of NPS sites in Manhattan, began looking for contractors to stabilize the houses foundation in 1991. Severe deterioration forced the NPS to close the home to the public entirely in 1992. and he successfully requested another $1 million from the United States Congress that October. The Hamilton Heights Homeowners Association held tours of historic houses in the area to raise money for the Granges restoration. The Grange had few visitors and, according to Rangel, got less attention than Grant&#39;s Tomb.</p><br>
<p>The NPS proposed moving Hamilton Grange in early 1993, Some local residents said the planned relocation of the Grange would disrupt the community; one group of opponents collected 1,200 signatures for a petition against the plan, The NPS planned to build a community center on the Convent Avenue site, but opponents remained skeptical. Supporters of the relocation said the Grange could not be restored at the Convent Avenue site. By 1995, the NPS was planning to seek $11 million from Congress.</p><br>
<p>The NPS indicated that it would move the mansion to St. Nicholas Park, which not only allowed the house to be placed in a rustic setting but also occupied part of Hamiltons original estate. Congress gave around $1.5 million for the relocation, although the house needed another $9.7 million to fund the full project. The relocation process was delayed because the NPS did not have control of the St. Nicholas Park site; in the meantime, the agency spent $400,000 to stabilize the mansion. New York governor George Pataki signed the bill in October 1999, allowing the New York City government to give the NPS an easement within St. Nicholas Park to permit the Granges relocation.</p><br>
<h4>2000s renovation</h4><br>
<p>USA Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan wrote a letter to the NPS about the mansion&#39;s "deplorable" conditions in March 2000, and both houses of Congress passed legislation in late 2000 to permit the relocation. The NPS allocated $11 million to relocate the building in 2003. Hamilton Grange was closed to the public on May 7, 2006, to undergo architectural testing in preparation for relocating the house to St. Nicholas Park. Because the house was so tightly hemmed in by other buildings, the southern section of the house was disassembled first. The New York City government hoped that the relocation and renovation would attract visitors.</p><br>
<p>The building was raised on hydraulic jacks over 20 days in 2008, with wood cribbing installed under the foundation. Hamilton Grange was raised to a height of about 35 ft or 40 ft. The house was then moved on rollers to wooden stilts in the middle of Convent Avenue; the stilts were disassembled, leaving the house resting on nine dollies by the end of May 2008. The NPS hired Wolfe House and Building Movers of Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Before the house was to be moved, there were disagreements and legal disputes about its orientation. The NPS planned to rotate the house 180 degrees so it faced northeast; if the house retained its original southwest orientation, it would face a cliff in St. Nicholas Park. Everything in the houses path, such as street lamps and overhead wires, also had to be removed before the relocation took place. On June 7, 2008, the house was rolled half a block south on Convent Avenue and then one block east on 141st Street to the new St. Nicholas Park location over six hours. David W. Dunlap of The New York Times calculated its speed over the 500 feet at.04 mph. A group known as the Friends of Hamilton Grange filed a lawsuit over the houses orientation just after the house was moved but before it was placed on its foundation. The New York Daily News reported that the relocation itself comprised approximately two-fifths of the renovation project&#39;s planned $8.4 million cost.</p><br>
<p>After the house was secured to its new foundation, workers began restoring it. The federal government provided another $3 million in funding through a stimulus package. Restoration architects spent 18 months consulting documents to ensure that the restoration was historically accurate. and Fallon and Wilkinson were hired to create replicas of the original furniture. During the renovation, contractors rediscovered some of the original materials, using them to rebuild some of the original details.</p><br>
<h4>Early 2010s to present</h4><br>
<p>The Grange reopened to the general public on September 17, 2011. A ceremony was held with Hamilton descendants in attendance and tours of the restored interiors. At the time of the reopening, only some of the first-floor rooms had been restored, while the second floor was closed.</p><br>
<p>The house saw 21,000 annual visitors by 2014. and many people who saw the musical went to the Grange afterward. The house saw 35,000 visitors in 2015 and another 35,000 in the first five months of 2016, with a record 85,603 in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>John McComb Jr. designed Hamilton Grange in the Federal style; it is one of the only remaining residential buildings with which he was involved. The Grange differed significantly from most of McCombs other designs, which generally were either designed in the Georgian style or resembled more typical Federal buildings. In contrast to other Federal-style structures, the Granges architectural elements were resized to emphasize different aspects of the facade, such as its height; one report referred to the design as "squat and somewhat clumsy". At the time of the Grange&#39;s construction, McComb was still experimenting with architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>Although McComb largely designed the house based on Alexanders wishes, Eliza and her father Philip also influenced the design, drawing on their experiences living in the Schuyler Mansion in Albany. No extant elevation drawings for the house have been identified, but parts of the design may be derived from pattern books and from other buildings. Design features, such as archways and octagonal rooms, may have been inspired by the Morris–Jumel Mansion at what is now 160th Street. Other influences may have included Robert Morriss 1759 book Selected Architecture, as well as the interior of a pavilion at Kedleston Hall in Derbyshire, England.</p><br>
<p>The house is two stories tall with a ground-level basement. It weighs approximately 298 ST. and south at its Convent Avenue location. The front elevation was reoriented to the northeast when it was moved to St. Nicholas Park. The original main entrance on the front elevation was restored when the house was moved to St. Nicholas Park.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<h4>Facade</h4><br>
<p>When the Grange was at its original location, its foundation was made of ashlar sandstone. A rubblestone foundation was built at Convent Avenue when the house was first relocated. Another foundation with a basement was constructed in St. Nicholas Park when the house was moved a second time. The basement at St. Nicholas Park is at ground level.</p><br>
<p>On the first and second stories, the main facade uses flush siding, while the rear facade uses clapboard siding. Flush siding is also used on the lower parts of the left and right elevations, and clapboard siding is used on the upper sections of these elevations. In addition, there are trim boards at each corner of the house, as well as sill boards on the front and rear elevations. Most of the windows in the house are double-hung sash windows. There are protruding triple-hung bay windows on the left and right elevations, sheltered by the piazzas, as well as a tripartite window directly above the main facades entrance. The windows are flanked by different types of shutters; the panels on the double-hung windows shutters are flush with the facade, while those on the triple-hung windows&#39; shutters are recessed. Above the second story, an entablature, designed with elements of the Doric order, runs across the entire facade of the main house. Additional entablatures run horizontally across the tops of the piazzas.</p><br>
<p>The original front portico was flanked by two pairs of Doric columns and had Douglas fir floors and redwood balustrades. It was accessed by a wooden stair that originally ascended half a story; The front entrance door is designed in the Federal style, with sidelights on either side, and there is a semicircular transom window above the door. There are two pairs of pilasters on either side of the door. The two porticos were restored to their original positions in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The piazzas on the left and right elevations are similar in design, with splined fir floorboards and Douglas fir balustrades. Each piazza is surrounded by six freestanding columns and two engaged columns, which are all designed in the Doric order and support a small roof. When the house was located at 287 Convent Avenue, the main entrance was through the left elevation. Because the site sloped down to the east, there was a lower gallery and a subbasement beneath the right piazza (which at the time faced east). The lower gallery was supported by square Idaho white-pine columns and had Douglas fir floorboards. There were also brownstone blocks below the left piazza, which faced west. When the house was moved to St. Nicholas Park, both of the piazzas were elevated above the ground-level basement.</p><br>
<h4>Roofs</h4><br>
<p>The main section of the house is covered by a gently sloping hip roof. The roof was surrounded by a carved wood balustrade, which was installed at an unknown date and removed by the 1930s. The roof is supported by four sets of rafters, which are divided into lower and upper portions. The lower portions of each rafter were likely built along with the rest of the house, while the upper portions were probably added in 1835 when the roof was raised. The 1980 architectural report indicates that the roof was originally topped by a flat deck. There are copper gutters at the edges of the roof.</p><br>
<p>The roof is topped by two non-functional wooden chimneys and two symmetrical brick chimneys that do work.</p><br>
<p>The piazzas on either side of the house originally had nearly flat roofs with a slope of about 1:24, Hip roofs with steeper slopes were installed in the mid-19th century, likely to improve drainage. During the mid-19th-century modifications, the piazzas ceilings were lowered and rebuilt out of plaster and wooden lath. When St. Lukes Church was built in the 1890s, the front part of the left-hand piazza (facing the church to the south) was removed. The roofs were covered with sheet copper in 1929. Carved wood balustrades also surrounded the piazza roofs but were removed by the 1930s. When the original roofs were restored in the late 1970s, the roofs of the piazzas were covered with stainless steel. In addition, Douglas fir boards were installed on the piazzas ceilings, matching the design of the original piazzas ceilings. There are stainless steel gutters at the edges of the piazzas and porticos roofs.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The house was built with 18 rooms. The first and second stories are connected by a staircase, which was originally on the left side of the house but was moved to the front when the Grange was first relocated. There is also a staircase from the second floor to the attic, and there may have been a stair from the first floor to the basement (although no evidence of the latter exists).</p><br>
<p>Throughout the house are decorations with Adam style influences. The Grange&#39;s first floor, second floor, and attic are supported by a wood frame with interior partitions, joists, and studs. Brick nogging and plaster coating were used to insulate the house. Ceiling joists and studs were covered with lath that was then coated with plaster. though most of the cornices are plain. Three types of doors and four types of windows were used throughout the house. Except for the fireplaces and an arch on the first floor, the interior has a plain design.</p><br>
<h4>Basement</h4><br>
<p>An account from the mid-19th century indicated that the original basement was used "for culinary purposes", with a kitchen and two fireplaces. This basement was demolished after the house was first relocated.</p><br>
<p>When the house was moved to Convent Avenue, a basement was built beneath the original house, with four windows facing east. The basement included a stair hall at the southwest (front left) corner, storage rooms at the southeast and northeast corners, a kitchen under the center of the west facade, a bathroom and electrical closet at the northwest corner. By the 1990s, the basement had an information desk, a meeting and theater space, an exhibition space, restrooms, and a bookstore. There was also a sub-basement with a boiler, a heater, and storage space.</p><br>
<p>The modern-day basement has a theater and exhibition space. There is also a visitor center, which occupies space that corresponds to the original basement&#39;s ironing room and kitchen.</p><br>
<h4>First floor</h4><br>
<p>The original main stairway was to the left of the main entrance. The stair led up to the second floor and down to the basement. When the house was moved to Convent Avenue, the entry and stair hall were moved to the southwest (front left) corner of the first floor, measuring 12.67 by wide. The modern-day stair is to the left of the foyer, but the staircase has been relocated so it does not block the original front entrance.</p><br>
<p>At the front right corner of the house is Hamiltons study, This room measures about 12.67 by across; The study retains almost all of its original ornament such as cornices, baseboards, door frames, and floorboards. Sources disagree on whether the color was meant to represent nature There are a desk and bookshelves, stocked with five books from Hamiltons own collection.</p><br>
<p>There are two identical octagonal rooms behind the entry and stair halls, which span the entire width of the house and measure 18 by across. and is known as the parlor. The room includes three floor-to-ceiling triple-hung windows and a fireplace with a marble mantel. Between the west and east octagon rooms was an ornate four-paneled wooden door, which in the 19th century was likely clad with mirrors. The rooms had views of the Hudson River to the west and the Harlem River to the east.</p><br>
<p>A pentagonal hallway, measuring 13 by, The hallway has four interior doorways. During the 20th century, the space occupied by the rear doorway became a window, and a bathroom was installed. The original use of the rear-right room (the northeast room) is also not known but may have also been a bedroom. The decorations are similar to that of the northwest room, and there is also a baseboard and marble fireplace mantel.</p><br>
<h4>Second floor</h4><br>
<p>Originally, the second floor had separate bedrooms for Hamilton, his wife, their daughters, and their two eldest sons. Extending behind the front hall to the rear of the house is a central passageway which also retains many of its original decorations.</p><br>
<p>The southwest room at the front left corner of the second floor, dating from the 1889 renovation, occupied the site of the original stairwell; this room has since been replaced with a stairwell. The west center room and east center room respectively adjoin the left and right walls of the center hall and were originally very similar in design, with fireplaces and doorways; the west center room also had a closet, while the east center room had a stair to the attic (accessible from the center hall). At the rear of the house are the northwest room, northeast room, and a central bathroom, all accessed by a rear hall at the end of the central second-story passageway. Originally, the rooms in the rear comprised a single space, but the rooms were subdivided before 1820, likely to provide a bedroom for each Hamilton child. The rooms at either corner have fireplaces, and the northwest room also had a closet.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>Most of Hamiltons original belongings were sold after his death to other American institutions such as the Smithsonian Institution, New York Public Library, New-York Historical Society, and Museum of the City of New York. as well as a pair of guns that Hamilton brought to his duel with Burr. In the mid-20th century, the house exhibited various objects such as a bust of Alexander Hamilton by Giuseppe Ceracchi; a dress worn by Eliza Hamilton; and a collection of books from the Hamiltons family library. Other artifacts included a four-poster bed, cribs, and bed warmers from Hamilton&#39;s lifetime.</p><br>
<p>Many of the current objects in the house are replicas. The modern-day exhibits include some of Hamilton&#39;s old books, papers, and furniture, as well as drawings and diagrams of the house created as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey. In the dining room are late-18th-century teacups with wooden handles, a replica of a wine cooler given by George Washington, and plates arranged for a meal. The parlor features five original chairs. There is also a bust of Hamilton in the entrance hall. Some of the objects in the collection are stored by the Gateway National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s first floor and basement are open Wednesdays through Sundays. The NPS hosts guided tours with up to 15 people, although visitors can also tour the house on their own. the second floor is used only by staff.</p><br>
<h2>Critical reception</h2><br>
<p>Architecturally, the New York Sun called the house "a good example of the comfortable country house" of the early 19th century, and The New York Times described the house as "substantial rather than elegant". By 1926, the writer Chesla Sherlock lamented that "so little of the home he loved so well has been preserved to us", citing the fact that the house had been moved and all its furniture dispersed. When the Grange was located at Convent Avenue, the historian Hugh Howard described the house as being hemmed in and forgotten about, akin to "a misplaced book on a library shelf".</p><br>
<p>Upon the houses reopening in 2011, The Wall Street Journal said that the house "at long last is a fitting monument to one of Americas greatest Founding Fathers". Frommer&#39;s guidebook gave the house one star out of three, criticizing the lack of original furniture and the small number of rooms on display.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s name inspired the monikers of two apartment buildings erected in the area, as well as the name of the Hamilton Grange Library on 145th Street. The surrounding neighborhood was also known as Hamilton Grange until the 1930s, when it became known as Hamilton Heights.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Hamilton House is a historic home located at 45 East Main Street in Waynesboro, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It is now operated as the Alexander Hamilton Memorial Free Library. The house and library are named for Alexander Hamilton, a local Waynesboro land speculator and wagon maker who owned the house. It remained in his family for a century. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 27, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Built around 1816 by John Bittinger, the two-story, five-bay Georgian-style, 16-room brick house has dual fireplace chimneys. It was purchased by Waynesboros Alexander Hamilton (not the Alexander Hamilton on the $10 bill) in 1842. The house remained in the family until the 1943 death of Hamiltons granddaughter, Jane Stover Yost. She bequeathed the property to the Borough of Waynesboro for the town&#39;s first permanent public library.</p><br>
<p>The McCleary house, once located on the east side of the library, was demolished to make way for a library wing added in 1987. The back yard contains a summer kitchen from the Hamilton era. It also has some old gristmill grinding stones donated by Sammy Stoner. The brick courtyard and flower gardens are open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Wyckoff-Garretson House is a historic house located at 215 South Middlebush Road, Somerset, New Jersey, which was built in 1730 by Cornelius Wyckoff. It is a contributing property of the Six Mile Run Historic District, added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 25, 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Cornelius Wyckoff</h2><br>
<p>Cornelius Wyckoff was the son of Pieter Claesen Wyckoff.</p><br>
<p>He moved to Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, in 1701.</p><br>
<p>In collaboration with seven other Dutch farmers, they bought 10,000 acres (40 km). Cornelius&#39; portion was 1,200 acres (5 km) which was divided for his four sons: John Wyckoff, Jacob Wyckoff, Peter Wyckoff, and Simon Wyckoff.</p><br>
<p>John was the first of the sons to occupy the land, near Middlebush, New Jersey, sometime before 1711.</p><br>
<p>In 1730, he built the first half of the house bringing in Dutch craftsmen from Brooklyn and using white oak.</p><br>
<p>The house was later enlarged by Samuel Garretson from Hillsborough, New Jersey, in 1805.</p><br>
<p>It is currently being restored by the Meadows Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The nearby Wyckoff-Garretson Cemetery, also known as the South Middlebush Cemetery, was established in 1811. It is also a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>The Van Wickle House, also known as the Symen Van Wickle House, is a historical house located at 1289 Easton Avenue in the Somerset section of Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was built in 1722 by Symen Van Wickle, also known as Symen Van Wicklin. The house, historically known as The Meadows, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Evert Van Wickle</h2><br>
<p>Evert Van Wickle was a carpenter from the Netherlands who emigrated to New Amersfoort, which is now Flatlands, Brooklyn, and married Elizabeth Van Liew. Around 1700, Evert purchased almost 800 acre of land on the Raritan River in Somerset. Evert had a son: Symen Van Wickle (c1700-1754) who married Geradina Couwenhoven (1705-?).</p><br>
<h2>Symen Van Wickle</h2><br>
<p>Symen built his home facing the Raritan River in 1722. The location was called the "upper fording place". Behind the house was the link between Middlebush, New Jersey and Raritan Landing, New Jersey called "Old Middlebush Road" (now DeMott Lane in Somerset). Evert and Geradina had the following children: Elsje Van Wickle (c1723-?); Evert Van Wickle (c. 1726-?); Nicholas Van Wickle (c. 1728-?); Mattje Van Wickle (c. 1730-?); Seytje Van Wicklin (1732-?); Anne Van Wickle (c. 1734-?); Dinah Van Wickle (1734-?); and Mary Van Wickle (c.1738-?).</p><br>
<h2>Delaware and Raritan Canal</h2><br>
<p>Around 1835, the Delaware and Raritan Canal was built between the Raritan River and the Van Wickle House.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1976 the house was put up for sale and was eyed by developers until a grassroots group of concerned citizens organized to protect the historic house. "The Meadows" was a name long associated with the house so this group took the name Meadows Foundation for the name of their organization. Through fundraising and a Green Acres grant they were able to acquire and preserve the house. The Meadows Foundation runs programming at the Van Wickle house such as their Candlelight Concert and Fireside Chats series as well as seasonal celebrations such as Sinterklaas (Dutch Santa) Festival and, in cooperation the Franklin Township Parks and Recreation Department, programs such as the Pumpkin Patch Halloween Celebration and the Bunny Jamboree. Nominal donations accepted at events help with maintenance and restoration costs.</p><br>
<h2>Temporary closure</h2><br>
<p>In late October 2014 the Meadows Foundation closed the Van Wickle House to the public, citing structural damage from flooding that had occurred during Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy. The organization added that it was "working diligently with county, state and federal agencies to save this historic structure with a complete restoration." The grounds surrounding the house remain open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Old School Square is located in a historic area at 51 North Swinton Avenue in Delray Beach, Florida, United States. The 5-acre site is at the corner of Atlantic Avenue and Swinton Avenue, anchoring Delray&#39;s downtown shopping district. The campus includes restored early 20th century school buildings, formerly Delray Elementary and Delray High School, which were re-adapted as the Cornell Art Museum, Crest Theatre and Fieldhouse. The campus also includes the Pavilion in the center grounds, which is an outdoor entertainment stage with grass seating area, as well as the Old School Square Park just to the east. A City of Delray Beach parking garage is located adjacent to the park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Beginnings</h3><br>
<p>The first construction on the site was the erection of Delray Elementary School in 1913, at the corner of Atlantic and Swinton Avenues. The school served white students in grades 1–12. As the citys population grew, it became necessary for the school to grow, and Delray High School was constructed on the same site, north of the Delray Elementary, in 1925. Eventually, the citys population grew to the point at which these two schools were no longer sufficient and plans were drawn to build a new high school north of town, which became first Seacrest High School, and then Atlantic High School after the racial integration in schools resulting from the civil rights movement. Delray High&#39;s last graduating class was the class of 1949. When the new school opened, Delray Elementary expanded to fill both buildings on the old campus.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment</h3><br>
<p>As time passed, the buildings of Delray Elementary increasingly fell into disrepair, and the Palm Beach County School Board abandoned the campus in the mid-1980s. A new elementary school opened in the western part of the city in 1988, S.D. Spady Elementary School. A group of concerned citizens, led by members of the Delray Beach Historical Society, started an initiative to preserve and restore the buildings of the former Delray Elementary and Delray High schools. They recognized the cultural value of preserving buildings that had been an integral part of the city&#39;s history. More importantly, they saw that the buildings possessed the potential to be transformed into a new cultural arts center for the area. Furthermore, the renovation of the site was seen as a spearhead for the reinvigoration of the whole downtown area- which at the time had barely a 30 percent occupancy rate.</p><br>
<h3>Rebirth</h3><br>
<p>In 1986, the 4 acre site was incorporated as Old School Square, Inc. Plans for renovation of the buildings commenced. In 1988, Delray Elementary was closed and the property was acquired by the city of Delray Beach. On March 10 of that year "Delray Beach Schools" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. By 1990, the first phase of the project was complete, as the Cornell Museum of Art & American Culture opened in the original Delray Elementary School building. Furthermore, the exterior renovation of the high school building was completed. Three years later, in 1993, the Crest Theatre opened for its first season in the former high school auditorium, which had been converted and modernized into a modern professional venue for the performing arts. In 1998, renovation of the Crest Theatre was completed as the work on the classrooms was finished, and they were opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>As the first phase of a new 10 year master plan for expansion, an outdoor entertainment pavilion opened in 2002, complete with a concession building. Covered loggias enclose the grassy seating area.</p><br>
<h2>Cornell Art Museum at Old School Square</h2><br>
<p>The Cornell Art Museum at Old School Square is located in the 1913 Delray Elementary School building and features 7 exhibition galleries and a Museum Store. Exhibits rotate every 4 months and focus on contemporary art by nationally and internationally recognized artists from around the USA The Museum also presents monthly "Art Walk" exhibits dedicated to showcasing South Florida artists.</p><br>
<h2>Crest Theatre at Old School Square</h2><br>
<p>The Crest Theatre at Old School Square is located in the 1925 Delray High School building and presents professional performances including musical theatre, comedy, family shows and Broadway cabaret. The Crest lecture series features national speakers and a variety of topics.</p><br>
<h2>The Pavilion at Old School Square</h2><br>
<p>The Pavilion at Old School Square which opened in 2002, presents outdoor concerts and special events and hosts all of Delray&#39;s major festivals.</p><br>
<p>The Roger Williams National Memorial is a landscaped urban park located on a common lot of the original settlement of Providence, Rhode Island, established by minister Roger Williams in 1636. The national memorial commemorates the life of Williams, who co-founded the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and championed religious freedom. The park is bounded by North Main, Canal, and Smith Streets, and Park Row.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Roger Williams National Memorial is a 4.5 acre park located near the eastern bank of the Moshassuck River, east of the Rhode Island State House and north of Downtown Providence. It stands at the base of College Hill, upon which the early settlement of Providence was concentrated. The memorial is separated from the river by Canal Street, and bounded on the other three sides by Smith Street, Park Row, and North Main Street. The southern portion of the park has a relatively open grassy area ringed by trees, while the northern portion is more landscaped, with the visitor center housed in the 1736 Antram-Gray House at the northeast corner, and a parking area on the west side. Major features in the northern section include the Bernon Grove and the site of the spring which prompted Williams to select the site.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s visitor center features an exhibit and video about Roger Williams and the founding of Rhode Island, as well as information about historic sites in Providence.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative history</h2><br>
<p>The national memorial was authorized on October 22, 1965. The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The site was developed in the late 1970s after the land acquisition was completed and the buildings on the land were demolished. It was the only unit of the National Park System in Rhode Island until 2014 when the Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park was designated.</p><br>
<p>Roger Williams Park is an elaborately landscaped 427 acre city park in Providence, Rhode Island and a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The park is named after Roger Williams, the founder of the city of Providence and the primary founder of the state of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land for the park was a gift to the people of Providence in 1872, in accordance with the will of Betsey Williams, the last descendant of Roger Williams to inherit his land. It had been the family farm and was the last of the original land granted to Roger Williams in 1638 by Canonicus, chief of the Narragansett tribe. The family farmhouse was built in 1773 and is now known as the Betsey Williams Cottage; the cottage and the Williams family burial ground (including Betsey&#39;s grave) are still maintained within the park.</p><br>
<p>The original bequest consisted of about 100 acres. Additional land to the south was purchased in 1891 at a cost of $359,000, consisting mostly of unimproved land that was covered with woods and ponds; it brought the total area of the park to about 400 acres. The natural history museum opened in 1895.</p><br>
<h3>Roger Williams Speedway</h3><br>
<p>From at least 1915 to about 1949, the park contained a half-mile racetrack that ran from Elmwood Avenue to Broad Street. The track normally hosted harness races; it was a particularly popular Fourth of July attraction. In 1924 it was the site of an army hurdle race.</p><br>
<h3>2016 renovations</h3><br>
<p>The Rhode Island Foundation began a renovation effort in the park in 2016 as a celebration of their centennial, beginning with the park&#39;s historic bandstand in December 2016. The renovations will expand to other park buildings and entrances.</p><br>
<h3>Gateway visitor center</h3><br>
<p>In Fall 2022, a Gateway and Visitor Center for the park opened on Broad Street. Designed by INFORM studio, the center is intended to increase community access to the park. The center provides information about public events, amenities, and services in Roger Williams Park and in the surrounding neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The park contains seven lakes which comprise approximately 98 acre, and it is located in the southernmost part of the city of Providence bordering the city of Cranston. It was designed by Horace Cleveland in 1878 and was constructed in the 1880s. Many of the roads, bridges, and sidewalks were built by the Works Progress Administration from 1935 to 1940. The National Trust for Historic Preservation called Roger Williams Park one of the finest urban parks in the US in their 2000 annual report.</p><br>
<p>The park and historic district contains:</p><br>
<p>The Gateway Visitor Center on Broad Street</p><br>
<p>The Roger Williams Park Zoo</p><br>
<p>The Roger Williams Park Museum of Natural History and Planetarium</p><br>
<p>The Roger Williams Park Botanical Center</p><br>
<p>Japanese Gardens</p><br>
<p>Victorian Rose Gardens</p><br>
<p>The Dalrymple Boathouse and boat rentals</p><br>
<p>The Carousel Village</p><br>
<p>The "Hasbro Boundless Playground" which is accessible for handicapped children</p><br>
<p>The Temple to Music</p><br>
<p>The Roger Williams Park Casino</p><br>
<p>The Providence Police Department&#39;s Mounted Command Center</p><br>
<p>Historical tours</p><br>
<p>Miles of walking paths</p><br>
<p>Inside the botanical center that opened in 2007 in the 435-acre Roger Williams Park in Providence, the capital of, and largest city in, Rhode Island.jpgRoger Williams Park Botanical Center</p><br>
<p>Japanese Garden - Roger Williams Park.jpgJapanese Garden</p><br>
<p>Love my berries (4767904114).jpgRoger Williams Park Zoo</p><br>
<p>Carousel Village, Roger Williams Park, Providence, Rhode Island.jpgCarousel Village</p><br>
<p>Museum of Natural History and Planetarium in Roger Williams Park.jpgMuseum of Natural History and Planetarium</p><br>
<p>Betsey Williams Cottage, Roger Williams Park.jpgBetsey Williams Cottage (1773)</p><br>
<p>Rally 4 Recovery event at Roger Williams Park.jpgThe Temple to Music is the site of community events</p><br>
<p>Dalrymple Boat House Prov.jpgClark Dalrymple Boathouse (1896)</p><br>
<p>Casino at Roger Williams Park.jpgThe Casino</p><br>
<p>Bike and pedestrian lanes in Roger Williams Park.jpgDedicated lanes for cyclists and runners were installed in 2017</p><br>
<p>The Thoroughgood House is a brick house located at 1636 Parish Road, in the neighborhood of Thoroughgood, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States. It was built ca. 1719. It was formerly known as the Adam Thoroughgood House. It was not built by Adam. The building underwent major restorations in 1923 and in the 1950s and has served as a museum since opening to the public April 29, 1957. Much of the current structure was most likely the house of the great-grandson of Adam Thoroughgood. The City of Virginia Beach acquired the property in 2003. A 2004 grant application to the National Park Service resulted in a $150,000 award from the prestigious Save America&#39;s Treasures program. The City matched that amount as required. This restoration took longer and cost more than expected, but the house reopened in May 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Adam Thoroughgood</h2><br>
<p>Adam Thoroughgood (1604–1640), an indentured servant who arrived in Virginia in 1622, became a community leader, a member of the House of Burgesses at Jamestown, and was granted a headright of 5,350 acre in 1635.</p><br>
<p>Adam Thoroughgood was from King&#39;s Lynn, Norfolk, England, and the naming of many local features can be traced back to his childhood home, including the Lynnhaven River, the City of Norfolk, and Norfolk County and the City of South Norfolk (the last two of which combined to become the new City of Chesapeake in 1963).</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, as a prime example of early colonial architecture in Virginia. It was listed in the US National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Another nearby surviving early 18th-century house in Virginia Beach is the Adam Keeling House.</p><br>
<p>Fort Lawton was a United States Army post located in the Magnolia neighborhood of Seattle, Washington overlooking Puget Sound. In 1973 a large majority of the property, 534 acres of Fort Lawton, was given to the city of Seattle and dedicated as Discovery Park. Both the fort and the nearby residential neighborhood of Lawton Wood are named after Major General Henry Ware Lawton.</p><br>
<p>While Fort Lawton was a quiet outpost prior to World War II, it became the second largest port of embarkation of soldiers and materiel to the Pacific Theater during the war. The fort was included in the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure list. Fort Lawton officially closed on September 14, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1896, the Secretary of War selected what would later be Fort Lawton for construction of an artillery battery intended to defend Seattle and the south Puget Sound from naval attack. Local citizens and governments donated 703 acre land to the United States Army for the installation the next year.</p><br>
<p>Fort Lawton was named after Major General Henry Ware Lawton (1843–1899), a veteran of the American Civil War, the Indian Wars, and Spanish–American War campaigns, who was killed in action in the Philippines. The fort opened on February 9, 1900 on a 1,100 acre.</p><br>
<p>The military encampment was redesigned in 1902 for infantry use. In 1910, a design overhaul, to include housing for officers and enlisted men, was prepared by landscape architect John C. Olmsted. In 1938 during the Great Depression, the Army offered to sell Fort Lawton back to the city of Seattle for one dollar, but the city declined, citing maintenance concerns.</p><br>
<h3>Boxer Rebellion</h3><br>
<p>Fort Lawton was used as a marshaling camp for soldiers preparing to travel to China to deal with the Boxer Rebellion. Seattle photographer Theodore E. Peiser photographed horse corrals, soldiers, and United States Army Transport ships that departed Seattle for Nome, Alaska, on their way to China.</p><br>
<h3>Buffalo Soldiers</h3><br>
<p>On October 5, 1909, the United States Armys 25th Infantry Regiment which primarily consisted of African American soldiers transferred from the Philippines to Fort Lawton. These men are known as the Buffalo Soldiers. The initial 900 men stationed at the fort and their families accounted for about a third of Seattles African American population.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>During World War II, at least 20,000 troops at a time were stationed at Fort Lawton, with more than 1 million troops passing through both before and after the war. It was the second-largest port of embarkation for US forces and material to the Pacific Theater during the war.</p><br>
<p>The post was also used as a prisoner-of-war camp, with more than 1,000 Germans imprisoned there. Approximately 5,000 Italians were passed through en route to Hawaii for imprisonment. On August 15, 1944 an Italian POW, Guglielmo Olivotto, was found murdered at Fort Lawton after a night of rioting between Italian POWs and American soldiers. Twenty-eight African-American soldiers were later court-martialed, convicted of the crime, and sent to prison. They and their families challenged the convictions; after an investigation, the convictions were set aside in 2007. A formal army apology ceremony was held on July 26, 2008; officials also presented the relatives of former US soldiers and the two remaining survivors with years of back pay, following the overturn of their dishonorable discharges.</p><br>
<p>On Memorial Day 1951, a grove of trees and monument honoring the war dead was dedicated near the post chapel. The Korean War brought a flurry of activity as troops headed to or returned from Korea were processed through Fort Lawton. In February 1953, the Fort Lawton Processing Center transferred half of its functions, the outbound tasks, to Fort Lewis (now called Joint Base Lewis McChord). Returnees continued to process through Fort Lawton.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the Air Force established a radar station at Fort Lawton. Additionally, Nike anti-aircraft missiles and Air Force radars were in use at Fort Lawton, but in 1968 the site was rejected for proposed defense upgrades.</p><br>
<h3>Native American occupation</h3><br>
<p>In 1970, the fort was occupied for three weeks in March by a group of Native Americans, led by Bernie Whitebear, Ella Aquino, and Ramona Bennett, asserting that the Native Americans had claim to the land that was surplus to requirements. The Native Americans succeeded in garnering 40 acres of land and the establishment of the Daybreak Star Cultural Center, but 534 acre of the land was declared surplus by the Army in 1971. The property was transferred back to the city in 1972, and dedicated as Discovery Park in 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Closure</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, the fort was included in the Base Realignment and Closure list for that year. Fort Lawton&#39;s family housing, consisting of the non-commissioned officer housing below and officer housing on the crown of the hill, has been used by the USA Navy for Navy and Coast Guard personnel for almost 40 years. They were purchased by a private developer, remodeled, and now in private ownership. The Capehart Housing in the center of the park was vacated by December 2009 and demolished during the summer of 2010; the land has become part of Discovery Park.</p><br>
<p>Fort Lawton officially closed on September 14, 2011, and the 364th Expeditionary Sustainment Command, the last USA Army Reserve tenant on the post, moved to its new facility in Marysville, Washington. A closing ceremony took place on February 25, 2012. The remainder of the fort property (with the exception of the military cemetery on site) was transferred to the City of Seattle in 2012. As of 2018, there are plans to convert the property into low-income housing. On 10 June 2019 the Seattle City Council voted to build 200-plus low-income and homeless housing units on part of the property but local residents sued to block such development.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Lawton Historic District (FLHD) in the heart of Discovery Park contains numerous historic buildings and structures that were once in, and part of, Fort Lawton. The following list includes only buildings and structures that survived at least into the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Source for buildings, construction dates, comments:</p><br>
<h2>The Chapel</h2><br>
<p>Chapel-on-the-Hill, outside the Historic District, has the status of a city landmark.</p><br>
<p>In July 2008, the City Council passed an ordinance that changed the boundary of the Fort Lawton Landmark District to include the Chapel and the Chapel Grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Fairbanks House in Dedham, Massachusetts is a historic house built around 1641, making it the oldest surviving timber-frame house in North America that has been verified by dendrochronology testing. Puritan settler Jonathan Fairbanks constructed the farm house for his wife Grace  and their family. It was occupied and passed down through eight generations of the family until the early 20th century. The original portion was expanded over several centuries, as architectural styles changed and the family grew.</p><br>
<p>Today the Fairbanks house is operated as a historic house museum by the Fairbanks Family in America, a member-based non-profit organization. The Family Association has preserved, studied, and interpreted their ancestral home and its collections for over 110 years. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in several stages; the center portion of the present house is oldest, with a gable-roofed portion at the center. It was once a lobby-entry, hall-parlor house of two stories with a center chimney bay. The lean-to was added later, contrary to the note on the first floor plan (see image on left).</p><br>
<p>The oldest section of the house was completed by at least 1641, based on dendrochronology of several beams in the house. The summer beam has been dated to 1637, and other wall boards and beams were dated to 1638, 1640 and 1641.</p><br>
<p>Exterior walls were covered with wide oak clapboards at the front, narrower oak on the west gable end, and narrow cedar on the rear. The front door was originally located to the west side of the chimney-bay, while the rear door is still located at the west end of the north wall. Original front windows included wide banks on each floor and small windows lighting the chimney bay. A well-preserved four-light window survives in the east gable end, but the north and east ends of the house apparently had no windows.</p><br>
<p>A lean-to was later added at the back of the house and, perhaps in 1641, a wing on the east side. The west wing was added around 1654. The east wing was probably added circa late 18th century, assembled from two earlier buildings elsewhere. A chimney was then built for it; later its roof rafters were raised and reused in a new gambrel roof. The next major change was the expansion of the parlor to the east, under a hip roof, and the addition of the small entry to this expanded space, probably around 1800. A new wing was added to the west side of the house, including two rooms. The last addition to the house, completed by 1881, was a privy added behind the west wing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jonathan Fairbanks came from Heptonstall in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England to Boston, Massachusetts in 1633, and acquired land in 1636–37 and settled in Dedham, Massachusetts, where he built the house on his farm land. It is likely the oldest dwelling house in New England and the oldest house continuously owned by the builder and his lineal descendants. It is also regarded as the oldest surviving timber-frame structure in North America. Since the original purchase, the estate has never had a mortgage encumbrance on it.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence that some residents practiced folk magic in the house, including placing hex marks and various objects in the house to ward off witches and other evil spirits. Hex signs were carved into the mantle to protect the house from fire and witches. Shoes have been found in the attic and behind the chimney, and are presumed to have been placed there to prevent evil spirits from entering the house.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Early historians claimed that the Fairbanks House was built in 1636 although more recent historians now believe the earliest part of the house was built between 1637 and 1641. According to some assertions, the frame of the main part of the house, together with the bricks and tiles and windows, were imported from England, and remained in Boston for several months before being carried to Dedham. The plaster on the walls was made using clay from the Charles River. In 2001, dendrochronological testing by the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory confirmed that the timbers from the earliest section of the house were felled between 1637 and 1641.</p><br>
<p>The house was not built as it stands at one time, or in one year, although it is certain that Jonathan owned a house situated on the same lot by 1648. Subsequently, perhaps as late as 1654, a large addition, called the new house, was made to the original building, and was purportedly built for the occupation of his son John after his marriage. The current roof was put on during this period and has been dated to 1652–1654 using dendrochronology. Later additions to the house occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>"It may be said quite simply that no other house of the mid-17th century in New England has survived in such unbelievably unspoiled condition. It is also extraordinary that so early a structure should preserve such a high percentage of original features. It is a veritable storehouse of information concerning the small handful of houses which survive from this early period."</p><br>
<p>—Abbot Lowell Cummings, Professor Emeritus, American Art, Yale University</p><br>
<h3>Sale and conversion to a museum</h3><br>
<p>In 1879, the great-great-great-granddaughter of Jonathan and Grace Fairbanks, Nancy Fairbanks, died without a husband or children and left the house to her niece, Rebecca Fairbanks. Rebecca moved in, but moved back out again for a short period of time when lightning struck the house and killed her dog. Her worsening financial situation led her to sell the house to local realtor John Crowley in 1895, but she was allowed to continue living there. She also sold a number of family heirlooms, including a wooden chest made in 1658 by John Houghton. The item was purchased by the family again at auction in 2003, and now splits its time between the Fairbanks House and the Dedham Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, Crowley was going to tear down the house to develop the two acre lot, but an appeal in the Boston Transcript led to it being purchased by Mrs. J. Amory Codman and her daughter Martha. The Codmans allowed Rebecca to remain in the house until 1904, when the newly established Fairbanks Family in America took it over and turned it into a museum in 1905. The curators camped in a tent outside the house until 1912, when a new house was purchased from the Sears and Roebuck Catalog and erected next door.</p><br>
<h3>1900s</h3><br>
<p>Each year the Fairbanks family hosts a reunion at the house. In 1907, sitting Vice President of the United States Charles W. Fairbanks attended.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Bicycle Club often stopped at the house during their two-day "Wheel Around the Hub" tours through Bostons suburbs. On the occasion of their 40th anniversary in 1916, they planted a tree on the grounds. In 1926, 15 years after the death of club co-founder and "father of American bicycling" Frank W. Weston, it was discovered that his ashes were still being stored at the undertakers. The members of the club rallied and, on a Friday afternoon in September, consecrated his remains to the ground under their anniversary tree.</p><br>
<p>On August 18, 1964, a 17-year-old Dedhamite who lived down the street was driving and missed a left hand turn from Whiting Avenue onto East Street. It was raining, and the pavement was wet. His car ended up in the east wing of the house, with the rear bumper flush with the wall. The 1957 sedan remained in the house overnight until it could be removed the next day.</p><br>
<p>The accident prompted a stone wall to be erected which prevented another car from hitting the house in 1973. A group of arsonists tried to burn the house down on July 4, 1967. Powderpost beetles were exterminated from the house in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Penobscot Marine Museum in Searsport, Maine, United States, is Maines oldest maritime museum and is designed to preserve and educate people regarding Maines and Searsport&#39;s rich and unique maritime and shipbuilding history. It was founded in 1936, and is located at 5 Church Street in the center of Searsport.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The museum campus is composed of two sections. The original heart of the campus is located on both sides of Church Street, and between Church and Reservoir Streets, just north of Main Street (United States Route 1). In addition to these buildings, the museum has expanded into three attached buildings on the north side of Main Street west of Knox Bros. Ave.</p><br>
<p>Designed as a unique 19th century seafaring village, the museum encompasses thirteen historic and modern buildings, houses a modern exhibit gallery features annual shows and is home to a regionally important library and archives focused on maritime history and regional genealogy. Eight of the museum&#39;s buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places, five as part of a listing dedicated to the museum, and three as part of the Searsport Historic District. Among the collections is a significant photographic archives that includes glass plate negatives documenting life in New England and New York from 1909 and 1947 taken by the Eastern Illustrating & Publishing Company. The photographs are being digitized and made available online for research and access.</p><br>
<h2>Campus buildings</h2><br>
<p>Admission Center</p><br>
<p>Main Street Gallery</p><br>
<p>Savage Education Center</p><br>
<p>First Congregational Church of Searsport (active church on museum campus)</p><br>
<p>Captain Jeremiah Merithew House (mid-19th century sea captain&#39;s home)</p><br>
<p>Old Vestry</p><br>
<p>Douglas and Margaret Carver Memorial Gallery</p><br>
<p>Stephen Phillips Memorial Library</p><br>
<p>Old Town Hall (1845)</p><br>
<p>Duncan House</p><br>
<p>Duncan Boat Barn</p><br>
<p>Boat House</p><br>
<p>Yard in the Yard</p><br>
<p>Ross Carriage Barn</p><br>
<p>Fowler-True-Ross Barn</p><br>
<p>Fowler-True-Ross House (19th century)</p><br>
<p>The Bryant Cottage State Historic Site is a simple four-room house located in Bement, Illinois in the USA state of Illinois. It was built in 1856 and is preserved by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources as an example of Piatt County, Illinois pioneer architecture and as a key historic site in the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates.</p><br>
<h2>Francis E. Bryant</h2><br>
<p>Few settlers moved to southern Piatt County, in east-central Illinois, until the 1850s and the coming of the railroad. The ground was flat and open, with few trees to provide firewood for winter. Francis E. Bryant arrived in the young town of Bement in 1856 with a small capital, which he quickly reinvested in general business development as a banker and storekeeper. He bought grain from pioneer farmers, and sold them lumber and coal in return.</p><br>
<p>Bryant was a member of the USA Democratic Party and a personal friend of Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who was running for re-election in 1858. Bryant played an important role in coordinating Democratic support for Douglas during the race.</p><br>
<p>As a Democrat, Bryant was elected twice to the Illinois Legislature. His first term in 1853 was as the representative of Schuyler County. He served again 20 years later in 1873 as a representative of Champaign County, Illinois and Piatt County, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Stephen A. Douglas</h2><br>
<p>As an incumbent member of the USA Senate from Illinois in 1858, Douglas had not expected to have to make a case directly to the people. Under Article I of the USA Constitution then in effect, members of the federal Senate were chosen by the state legislatures, not by the voters.</p><br>
<p>However, Douglas&#39;s central position in the growing crisis of American slavery made the election of 1858 extraordinary. Fervent emotions among both Democrats and members of the newly formed Republican party led to a demand that both candidates for the Senate campaign directly among the people of Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The Republicans nominated Springfield, Illinois lawyer Abraham Lincoln, who wrote to Douglas on July 24, 1858, challenging him to meet and hold a series of nine debates at sites across Illinois. Lincoln renewed this challenge when the two men met in person on the Bement-Monticello road, now Illinois Route 105, on July 29.</p><br>
<p>The campaigning Douglas was at the time going southward to Bement, where he would spend the night in the Bryant Cottage. It was during this one-night stay that Douglas decided to accept most of Lincoln&#39;s challenge and debate him seven times. Douglas wrote Lincoln from Bement on the morning of July 30, suggesting that the two men debate in Ottawa, Freeport, Jonesboro, Charleston, Galesburg, Quincy, and Alton, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln accepted these terms in a letter dated July 31.</p><br>
<h2>Abraham Lincoln</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the Lincoln-Douglas challenge of July 1858, Stephen A. Douglas was an experienced, incumbent USA Senator; Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer in private practice with little successful office-holding experience. Illinois Republicans had nominated him to face Douglas because of his skill at making speeches and his ability to frame the issue of slavery in a manner that conveyed visceral opposition to the institution without antagonizing racist American voters.</p><br>
<p>Douglas had every reason to avoid Lincoln&#39;s challenge to debate. As the incumbent, he had an advantage in terms of name recognition. The senator chose to voluntarily debate his challenger because he agreed with Lincoln that slavery was a growing crisis and because he had faith that his own doctrine of popular sovereignty would create a solution to the dilemma.</p><br>
<p>At first, Douglas appeared to be the winner in this challenge. His legislative candidates defeated the Republicans in November 1858, thereby assuring Douglas&#39;s re-election as USA senator. However, Lincoln and Douglas re-visited the issue of slavery in the USA presidential election of 1860. And in this final contest between the two men, Lincoln was the victor.</p><br>
<h2>Local folklore</h2><br>
<p>After the deaths of both Douglas and Lincoln, the Bryant family came to believe that the two men had met in person in the parlor of the Bryant Cottage to negotiate the details of their debates. It is clear that Douglas made the key decision, that of accepting Lincoln&#39;s challenge, in the Bryant Cottage, but the surviving letters between the two men appear to indicate that they negotiated on paper after their face-to-face roadside meeting of July 29, 1858. In a Spring 1998 Lincoln Herald article, Jim Fay investigated the claim. Fay argues that there is some evidence to suggest the meeting in the Bryant parlor took place, but that the mystery surrounding it speaks to the wit and secrecy of the candidates.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>In response to state budget cuts, the state of Illinois temporarily closed the Bryant Cottage State Historic Site from October 2008 until April 2009. The site reopened to the public on April 23, 2009.</p><br>
<p>In September 2017, the Bryant Cottage State Historic Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was considered for both its folk hall-and-parlor architecture and its connection to the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates.</p><br>
<p>The Aiken Tennis Club is a private court tennis club located at 146 Newberry Street, SW in Aiken, South Carolina. It includes the Court Tennis Building. The club was incorporated in 1898 with the sponsorship of financier and founder of the prominent Whitney family, William C. Whitney. The building was constructed around 1902 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 27, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Aiken Tennis Club is the world&#39;s most equatorial court tennis (also known as "real tennis") venue, and one of only two American courts south of the Mason-Dixon line (the other is the International Tennis Club of Washington).</p><br>
<p>Former world champions who have played on the court include Northrup R. Knox, G.H. "Pete" Bostwick, Jr., Jordan Toole, Jimmy Bostwick, Wayne Davies, Robert Fahey, and Camden Riviere. The most notable competition was the world championship challenger match between Ruaraidh Gunn and Camden Riviere on March 8, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Sibley State Park is a Minnesota state park near New London, on the shores of Andrew Lake. It is named for Henry Hastings Sibley, the first governor of the state. A city park in Mankato, Minnesota is also named for Sibley.</p><br>
<p>The rustic style stone structures in the park were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps between 1935 and 1938. These structures are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The layout of the park was a very functional example of master planning because it reduced congestion and overcrowding for swimmers, picnickers, and campers. It is rumored that a secret cache of memorabilia and other various items are buried underground in one of the park areas near the beach.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>This park is home to mammalian species of white-tailed deer, red and gray foxes, coyote, raccoon, chipmunk, red and gray squirrels, mink, striped skunk, badger, and woodchuck. Bird watchers receive an opportunity to view ruffed grouses, great blue herons, egrets, wood ducks, Canada geese, scarlet tanagers, indigo buntings, pelicans, loons and bluebirds.</p><br>
<p>The Mathews–Powell House is a Victorian house located in Queen City, Texas, United States. The house was dedicated as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1973 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1878 by William Franklin Mathews (1840-1900) and his wife Harriet India Sharp. Mathews, a Confederate veteran and farmer, moved to Queen City when it was founded (1877) and became a successful merchant. Briefly owned by various people after 1895, the house was bought 1918 by Ross A. Powell (1883-1937) and wife Gussie Boyd (d. 1920). Like Mathews, Powell was a merchant. The building remained with the Powell family for more than seventy years until it was sold in the 1990s. It now serves as the Antique Rose Bed & Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Maplewood State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, near Pelican Rapids. The park preserves a pre-contact habitation site that was occupied in two different periods  in a forest/prairie transition zone. Located in the Leaf Mountains, Maplewood encompasses 9,250 acre in Otter Tail County and is known for its hardwood trees including sugar maple, basswood, American elm, and oak, which together provide a display of fall colors each year.</p><br>
<p>It became a state park in 1965, and an archeological site within the park, the Maplewood Site, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Jim Fletcher, the author of The Lore Adventure Trilogy, built several small villages with the help of students of the Pelican Rapids High School and other local people. Several of these villages are placed in Maplewood State Park. One is accessible by a hiking trail, while another is located inside one of the lakes. Those are two of the known locations, while there may be many others inside of Maplewood.</p><br>
<p>Lake Carlos State Park is a state park about 10 miles north of Alexandria, Minnesota, USA. The park was established in 1937 to provide a public recreational facility in one of Minnesota&#39;s summer resort centers, and attracts tourists from Minnesota and bordering states.</p><br>
<p>Visitors often view fauna such as beaver, deer, loons, grebes, various ducks and herons.</p><br>
<p>Five buildings in the park, constructed by the Works Progress Administration in the Rustic Style, are included within the National Register of Historic Places. These include the Mess Hall and Crafts Building within the group camp area, as well as the water tower, sanitation building, and bath house within the public use area.</p><br>
<p>The namesake lake, Lake Carlos, was named for the friend of an early settler.</p><br>
<p>The Vandalia State House, built in 1836, is the fourth capitol building of the USA state of Illinois. It is also the oldest capitol building in Illinois to survive, as the first, second, and third capitol buildings have all disappeared. The brick Federal style state house has been operated by the state of Illinois as a monument of Illinois&#39; pioneer years since 1933. It is located in Vandalia, Illinois, on the National Road , and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Earlier capitols</h2><br>
<p>Admitted to the Union in 1818, Illinois quickly abandoned its first governmental center of Kaskaskia in 1820 due to environmental threats. A second statehouse was built of lumber at the new capital of Vandalia, but it burned down after three years in 1823.</p><br>
<p>The third capitol building was hastily built in 1824 and was the beginning of Abraham Lincoln&#39;s political career as a member of the Illinois General Assembly in 1834. Elected from Sangamon County, closer to the geographic center of Illinois, Lincoln led a central Illinois caucus that called for the state government to move itself to the growing town of Springfield.</p><br>
<p>By the beginning of 1836, the building was structurally unsafe to the point that local assemblies refused to convene in it. In response, some townsmen wrote the then governor of Illinois Joseph Duncan about the situation, who informed them to see if the building could be repaired. After further examination of the cracked walls and sinking floor, a decision was made to tear down and rebuild a new statehouse. Construction took about four months from various regional companies and laborers. The new brick statehouse was unpainted, featuring a gable roof and a cupola, and cost $16,000. The new building was intentionally built with larger state office quarters, as it was deemed more important than the moving of the capitol.</p><br>
<h2>Later capitols</h2><br>
<p>When Lincoln and his colleagues returned to Vandalia in the fall of 1836, they saw the new "State House" waiting for them. In February 1837, the legislature voted to move the governmental center to the more populous town of Springfield. The fifth Illinois capitol, the Old State Capitol State Historic Site located in Springfield, was used from 1839 to 1876. It has since been replaced by the sixth and current Illinois State Capitol.</p><br>
<h2>Vandalia State House</h2><br>
<p>The State of Illinois gave the Vandalia State House to Fayette County for use as the county courthouse. Porticoes were added to the courthouse in the late 1850s, which made the building a structure in the Greek Revival style. The building served as a courthouse between 1839 and 1933, when it reverted to the state.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, the old courthouse became the Vandalia State House State Memorial, and an extensive interior refitting and reconstruction program began. In 1985, the building became a State Historic Site within the new Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, which maintains the old state house and interprets it to its brief time as Illinois&#39;s fourth capitol building in 1836-39. Guided tours are offered, and visitors can also view the period rooms independently.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Vermilion-Soudan Underground Mine State Park is a Minnesota state park at the site of the Soudan Underground Mine, on the south shore of Lake Vermilion, in the Vermilion Range . The mine is known as Minnesota&#39;s oldest, deepest, and richest iron mine. It formerly hosted the Soudan Underground Laboratory. As the Soudan Iron Mine, it has been designated a USA National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, prospectors searching for gold in northern Minnesota discovered extremely rich veins of hematite at this site, often containing more than 65% iron. An open pit mine began operation in 1882, and moved to underground mining by 1900 for safety reasons. From 1901 until the end of active mining in 1962, the Soudan Mine was owned by the United States Steel Corporation&#39;s Oliver Iron Mining division. By 1912 the mine was at a depth of 1,250 feet (381 m). When the mine closed, level 27 was being developed at 2,341 feet (713.5 m) below the surface and the entire underground workings consisted of more than fifty miles of drifts, adits, and raises. In 1965, US Steel donated the Soudan Mine to the State of Minnesota to use for educational purposes.</p><br>
<p>The primary underground mining method used was known as cut and fill. This involved mining the ceiling and using Ely Greenstone and other waste rock to artificially raise the floor at the same rate as the ceiling was being mined out. As a result, the floor and ceiling were always 10–20 feet (3–6 m) apart. There was no need to move waste rock to the surface, because it was moved short distances and left in place. This technique was particularly suited to the Soudan Mine due to the strength of the hematite formations and the weakness of the encasing Greenstone. This method was not possible in the nearby mines in Ely, Minnesota, because the iron formations there were fractured and thus were not as structurally stable as those at Soudan.</p><br>
<h2>State park</h2><br>
<p>The park is in Breitung Township, on the shore of Lake Vermilion in northern Minnesota&#39;s Vermilion Range. It has become a popular tourist site, often visited on the way to and from Ely and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The state park is operated under the Department of Natural Resources. It is a National Historic Landmark, meaning that it is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Lake Vermilion State Park, originally separate from Soudan Underground Mine State Park, began with the purchase of about 3,000 acres from USA Steel in 2010. The park includes the Stuntz Bay Boathouse Historic District. In 2014, the two adjacent parks were combined into one.</p><br>
<h2>Underground laboratory</h2><br>
<p>In the 1980s, scientists from the University of Minnesota began to develop the Soudan Mine as a site for sensitive physics experiments because of the very low rate of cosmic rays in the deep underground site, and also because they could inexpensively use the still-operating mine hoist. The mine laboratory was originally home to the Soudan 1 proton decay experiment and its successor, Soudan 2 which operated from 1989-2001. The University and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources later expanded the laboratory to accommodate other physics projects, such as the MINOS neutrino detector, dark matter search experiments CDMS-II, SuperCDMS, and CoGeNT, as well as work on electroforming copper to create pure radiation-free copper. Low-background materials screening facilities were in use and in continuing development. The laboratory, along with public tours, were closed circa 2016.</p><br>
<h2>2011 fire</h2><br>
<p>A fire broke out late on March 17, 2011, in the main shaft at the 25th level. The fire was smothered using 70,000 gallons of fire-fighting foam, filling the 27th and lowest level of the shaft (27th level) from floor to ceiling. The Underground Laboratory lost power but remained safe. The mine tours were closed for the summer of 2011, but the above ground tours and interpretive center reopened. After a major cleanup effort, underground tours resumed on May 26, 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Washoe Theater is a historic movie theater in Anaconda, Montana, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The theater is located at 305 Main Street, within the Anaconda Commercial Historic District. It was the last theater constructed in the United States in the Nuevo Deco (a form of Art Deco) style. The theater was designed in 1930 by Seattle architect B. Marcus Priteca. It was almost entirely finished by 1931, but its opening was delayed until Thursday, September 24, 1936 because of the Great Depression. In 1936 dollars, its construction cost was a grand $200,000. The Smithsonian rates the Washoe as a national treasure due to the lavish interior. April 30, 1982, the Washoe was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places for architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The interior design and furnishings were done by Hollywood theater designer Nat Smythe. The exterior doors are etched glass. Each joint and trim work is carved in complicated relief patterns with much use of ornamental ironwork. Use of copper is especially prevalent, as Anaconda was a company town for the Anaconda Copper Mining Company. Silver and gold leaf supplement the accent work. Carved rams heads line the walls. Every flat surface, including the domed ceiling, is a painted mural done by Colville Smythe.</p><br>
<p>The silk curtain is a piece of art in itself, though seldom seen. Its age presents a problem for curators who are afraid that taking it down, even to try and restore it, would cause it to fall apart. It has a painting of deer stags.</p><br>
<p>The theater was also designed to have near perfect acoustics. The delay in opening allowed the sound system to be re-designed as a showcase for Western Electric&#39;s newest innovation "Mirrophonic Sound". Recorded sound with films was itself a relatively new innovation, so the creation of a high-fidelity audio system was quite remarkable for 1936.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Washoe Theater was the site of two previous theaters in Anaconda. The Margaret Theater existed on the site since near the founding of the town. It was re-modeled in 1927 at a cost of $60,000 and renamed the Sundial Theater only to burn down in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The first movie to play in the Washoe was a Western, The Texas Rangers starring Fred MacMurray as a Texas Ranger. The Washoe still operates as a movie theater today.</p><br>
<p>The Dana–Thomas House  is a Prairie School–style home at 301 East Lawrence Avenue in Springfield, Illinois, designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright. It was built in 1902–1904 for the philanthropist Susan Lawrence Dana. The home reflects the mutual affection of the patron and the architect for organic architecture, the relatively flat landscape of the USA state of Illinois, and the Japanese aesthetic as expressed in Japanese prints.</p><br>
<h2>Susan Lawrence Dana</h2><br>
<p>Susan Lawrence Dana (1862–1946) was an independent-minded woman and heiress to a substantial fortune, including silver mines in the Rocky Mountains. Widowed in 1900, Dana enjoyed complete control over her household and fortune. Eager to express her personality and become a leading philanthropic figure in Springfield, Dana decided to completely remodel her familys Italianate mansion located in the state capitals fashionable "Aristocracy Hill" neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Dana House</h2><br>
<p>Dana&#39;s search for an architect to match her aspirations ended when she was introduced in 1902 to Frank Lloyd Wright, the rising leader of the new Prairie School movement of "organic architecture" which stressed congruence between the interior of a building and its surroundings.</p><br>
<p>The Dana commission to plan the remodeling of the Lawrences&#39; Italianate mansion was the largest Wright had received. Recognizing a kindred spirit in Mrs. Dana, he expanded the boundaries of his contract to design and build what was, in effect, an entirely new house showcasing his approach to the Prairie Style aesthetic.</p><br>
<p>The new home reflected the flamboyant personalities of the patron and the architect, particularly their love of Japanese prints and drawings. The structure was designed for both display and entertainment. An arched doorway admitted guests into a series of expanding spaces, transitioning from vestibule to the reception hall.</p><br>
<p>The concept of "expanding space" was repeated throughout the house, with windows placed to continually draw the attention of someone within toward an awareness of the outside. Wright designed approximately 450 art glass windows, skylights, door panels, sconces, and light fixtures for the house, most of which survive. Much of the art glass, and the mural by George Mann Niedecken surmounting the dining room interior, centered on a sumac motif.</p><br>
<p>A substantial west wing leads visitors through an interior Torii gate into two of the largest rooms in the house. The upper-level gallery was used for musical entertaining, and the ground-level library contains special easels, part of more than 100 pieces of free-standing Wright-designed white oak furniture in the house, created for Dana to display selections from her collection of Japanese prints.</p><br>
<p>Dana lived in the home from 1904 until about 1928. Once a successful hostess and leader of Springfield&#39;s social scene, she became increasingly reclusive over time and turned her attention to spiritualism and the occult. Suffering from increasing financial constraints in her later years, she closed the main house around 1928 and moved to a small cottage on the grounds. As Dana struggled with age-related dementia in the 1940s, her home and its contents were sold.</p><br>
<h2>Dana-Thomas House</h2><br>
<p>Charles C. Thomas, a successful medical publisher, was the second owner and custodian of the home from 1944 to his death in 1969. A view of the building was featured on the title pages of some of his publications. His wife Nanette maintained in that role until her passing in 1975. The couple are credited with maintaining the house&#39;s original furnishings and design, and their estate with selling the home and its furnishings as a unit to the state of Illinois in 1981 for $1.0 million, significantly less than could have been earned had the household been broken up.</p><br>
<h2>The home today</h2><br>
<p>The home became a state historic site under the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA). The IHPA led a restoration effort in 1987–1990 that restored the structure and its contents to its appearance in 1910. It is believed to contain one of the most intact Frank Lloyd Wright designed interiors in the United States. Restoration plans and documents are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The house was featured in Bob Vila&#39;s A&E Network 1996 production, Guide to Historic Homes of America. In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the Dana Thomas House was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois).</p><br>
<p>As part of a program of budget cuts, the state of Illinois temporarily closed the Dana–Thomas House to the public from December 1, 2008, until April 23, 2009. The Dana–Thomas House again closed for 11 months in 2011 for renovations to interior and exterior finish as well as mechanical and security systems.</p><br>
<p>The George A. Strout House is a registered historic place in Sebastopol, California. The house received a Preservation Award from the Western Sonoma County Historical Society in 1977.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>George Strout, one of Sebastopols early mayors, bought a lot at 253 Florence Avenue from Gertrude Huntley in 1901 and built a Queen Anne Victorian for his family in 1903. Strout, a master carpenter, founded Sebastopols first planing mill, the Strout Planing Mill, which supplied all of the materials and millwork for his home. Strout was known for his staircases; he also produced ladders, bee hives and fruit dryer trays. He built several houses in Sebastopol during his career, but the Strout House is the only one on the National Register of Historic Places. The Strout House is notable for the excellence of its formal Queen Anne design, the craftsmanship of Sebastopol&#39;s carpenter/builders, and the quality of the Strout millwork.</p><br>
<p>The home was in the Strout family until the 1970s and has had a variety of owners since. It was the site of a bed and breakfast for a time, but later was again a private residence.</p><br>
